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• W2331742993 abstract "Summary. The mammary secretory cell population increases in an exponential fashion during pregnancy in all species studied, as a consequence of very high rates of cell division. After parturition the mitotic index drops dramatically, but a limited amount of proliferation does continue, at least until the time of maximum milk yield. This is particularly true of rodents but does also occur in dairy species. During declining lactation cell apoptosis exceeds cell division, so the size of the cell population falls and it is this decrease which is responsible for the reduction in milk yield. Many factors influence cell division. In addition to well known hormones such as ovarian steroids, prolactin and GH and growth factors such as EGF and IGF1 there are also effects of milking frequency and of nutrition. Some of these same factors are now also known to regulate apoptosis. The challenge for the future is to understand more about the relationships between apoptosis and cell division in the mammary gland; are the two mutually exclusive and independent or is apoptosis important in preparing the gland for renewed cell division, for instance? To this end, we have developed a lactation rescue model which will allow us to study interactions between apoptosis and cell division in lactating mouse and cow mammary glands. Initial results indicate considerable coordination of the two processes. Mammogenesis. Growth of the mammary gland is termed mammogenesis. There are two distinct phases, growth prior to first conception and then cyclical waves of proliferation, secretion and involution during recurring lactation cycles. The most important part of the first phase is that allometric growth which occurs just prior to and around puberty, since inappropriate development at this stage can have long term repurcussions (Sejrsen, 1994). Rapidly-reared heifers often have depressed milk yield, and research has shown this to be a consequence of low levels of GH and IGF1 reducing peripubertal mammary cell proliferation (Weber, Purup, Vestergaard, Ellis, SondergardAndersen, Akers and Sejrsen, 1999). The GH/IGF axis is not the only endocrine regulator of mammary proliferation, but it is an important element, and one which I shall emphasise in this paper. During the life of the cow the mamamry cell population probably expands by more than 100 fold (although precise quantification is difficult) with the vast majortiy of this proliferation taking place during pregnancy under the stimulatory influence of ovarian steroids and peptide mammogens including placental lactogen and GH. Treatment of late pregnant goats with exogenous GH increases cell proliferation and subsequent milk yield (Knight, Brown and Sejrsen, 1994), and there is much other evidence to show that the number of secretory cells present in the mature udder is a primary determinant of milk yield (Sorensen, Alamer and Knight, 1998). Using bromodeoxyuridine injections to >tag= proliferating cells and then counting these cells in histological sections obtained by biopsy, we have observed labelling indices of around 10% in late pregnancy falling precipitously after parturition; mammary cells do not proliferate extensively during lactation, although they retain the potential to divide and simple treatments such as milking more often are mitogenic (Wilde, Henderson, Knight, Blatchford, Faulkner and Vernon, 1987) GH administered in early lactation does not stimulate proliferation (Knight et al.," @default.
• W2331742993 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2331742993 date "2005-01-01" @default.
• W2331742993 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2331742993 title "THE IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION IN UDDER DEVELOPMENT AND LACTATION" @default.
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