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• W2332351645 abstract "General frameworks for the evolution of urban systems in frontier settings have been formulated chiefly on the basis of the North American experience. The frameworks apply to the Ecuadorian Amazon. Universal conceptualizations are broadly relevant; context-dependent conceptualizations are partially so. This pattern raises the question of whether government-based service sector is mechanism for urban dominance, as were wholesaling and finance in North America. Selected case studies indicate that the urban system in the Ecuadorian Amazon is representative of present-day frontier regions. THE purpose of this article is to examine the evolution of frontier urban systems in terms of general frameworks. The case study is the Oriente, or Amazon region, of Ecuador. Here, as elsewhere in Latin America, rapid population growth in settled areas and the increasing use of frontier resources have led to high in-migration levels, new settlement, and an evolving urban system. Our research on this important demographic process is framed by three aspects of previous work. First, the degree to which existent frameworks of frontier urbanization apply to third-world locales remains open to question. These frameworks have largely been derived from research on North American settings of the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries and tend to reflect more-developed portions of that frontier experience. Second, although third-world frontier regions have received considerable attention in recent years, their urban component has been neglected. Studies of the urban frontier are few, rarely relate the experience of other third-world locales or North America, and give * Research reported here was funded by National Science Foundation grant SBR-9211531 and by the Ohio State University Office of the Vice-President for Research. * DR. BROWN is professor of geography at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1361, where MR. DIGIACINTO and MR. SIERRA are graduate students in geography and DR. SMITH is an associate professor of geography. Copyright ? 1994 by the American Geographical Society of New York This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:47:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW scant attention to formulating conceptual framework of frontier urbanization and integration with national urban systems. Unlike the approach in this article, no study examines the overall urban system of contemporary frontier region, although the importance of urban aspects is recognized (Godfrey 1991, 248-249). Third, examining frontier urbanization is an important complement to studies of urban systems in developing countries. Typically these studies focus on the role of urban areas in development and give minimal attention to small or frontier towns, their socioeconomic functions, and their integration into the national urban system. To examine these neglected issues, this article first reviews conceptual frameworks of urban-system evolution in frontier settings and related generalizations. Next it provides an overview of Ecuador and its Oriente. Third, it evaluates the applicability of conceptual frameworks to this region by considering changes in settlement pattern, urban size, and urban economic functions, which are the elements of urban-system evolution highlighted in previous works. The article concludes with an assessment of the fit between general frameworks and urban-system evolution in contemporary frontier settings like the Ecuadorian Oriente. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS Previous studies of frontier urbanization display three research perspectives: abstract frameworks that are universally applicable but at the expense of substantive specificity; context-dependent frameworks that may be referred to as quasi-general or middle-range theory; and idiographic case studies such as examples from the Brazilian Amazon or North America. Universal models of frontier settlement fall into two groups. One represents frontier development as three-stage process: colonization, comprised largely of migration from outside the frontier; spread, which involves migration from within and outside the frontier; and competition or consolidation (Bylund 1960; Olsson 1968; Hudson 1969). This framework is concerned with the transition from frontier settlement to mature central-place systems that emerge in the consolidation stage. A complementary perspective on local areas and individual behavior identifies similar stages: site selection; pioneering through initial clearing and cultivation; and consolidation, wherein some settlers leave to settle elsewhere on the frontier (Henkel 1982; Findley 1988). Another element of these models is niche space, an expanding area in which conditions are favorable for settlement (Hudson 1969). Among the factors affecting niche space are transportation development, mineral discoveries, new economic activity, technological innovation, national policies, world economic and political circumstances, and donor-country actions. Examples of the relevance of this concept may be found in the frontier urban areas and overall urban system of the United States between 1860 and 1920 (Meyer 1990, 736-738). A second, less austere group of universal models includes the ideal-typical sequence of transportation development (Taaffe, Morrill, and Gould 1963), 250 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:47:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms URBAN-SYSTEM EVOLUTION the mercantile model (Vance 1970), Monte Carlo simulations (Morrill 1963, 1965), and core-periphery formulations (Brown 1991, 13-15; Brown and others 1992, 953-954). These highlight selected substantive attributes, differ in emphasis, but posit similar scheme of frontier development (Fig. 1). They are henceforth referred to as core-periphery frameworks. Context-dependent frameworks represent continuum from embryonic to mature economies. For embryonic phases, John Browder and Brian Godfrey (1990, 60-63), drawing on the Brazilian Amazon, set forth stages by which a dependent peripheral region becomes incorporated into the larger national economy. This transition links socioeconomic and landscape maturation with urban forms: native subsistence economy with preurban village; resource extraction frontier with expeditionary resource settlement; peasant pioneer agriculture with pioneer settlement; consolidated landholdings (relic frontier) with local service center; rural depopulation and urban primacy with county service center. A complementary framework focuses on more advanced economies and, drawing on nineteenth-century North America (Muller 1977), has as its initial stage the pioneer periphery with many local service centers. Some of them become more important than others, largely because of location at nodal points in the transportation system. Denoted as entrepots, they are reception and distribution points for goods from outside the frontier, frontier goods destined for external markets, and goods moving within the frontier zone. Aside from variations in trading functions, towns are similar in economic base. The second stage is the specialized periphery, wherein towns become differentiated in broad range of economic functions because of variation in resource endowments, comparative advantages, and inertia; sharp distinctions in size and importance also arise. Transportation continues to be crucial, as do the level and rate of rural settlement, which provide market for and source of goods. The third stage is the transitional periphery, wherein selected towns become closely connected with the national urban system and emerge as dominant regional centers. Industrial activities and unique functional specializations are crucial elements in this transition. Another context-dependent focus on mechanisms underlying differential urban growth also draws chiefly on the North American experience (Meyer 1980). A main element is control over the exchange of goods and services, which is closely related to economic specialization, transportation, communications, and agglomeration economies. Movement of people and commodities is also an element in the schema. In an early stage of frontier urbanization, specialization is minimal; entrepreneurs control exchange only in local hinterland, and physical movements are limited. Over time, selected towns acquire specialized economic activities, but entrepreneurs serving local hinterlands still function, which gives rise to an urban hierarchy on the frontier. Finally, as the frontier becomes settled, its main towns become gateways, the external suppliers of goods and services to the next frontier zone. A modification of this framework proposes that the role of some 251 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 05:47:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW" @default.
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• W2332351645 title "Urban-System Evolution in Frontier Settings" @default.
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