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• W2333737666 abstract "Site-index curves are presented for evaluating the growth potential of cottonwood growing in native timber stands in Kansas. Curves for both eastern and western portions of the state were developed to reflect climatic influences. INTRODUCTION Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), the state tree of Kansas, is one of the largest eastern hardwoods and fastest growing commercial forest tree species in North America. Its light weight and rather soft wood is used primarily for core stock in furniture, for pulpwood (Cooper, 1990), and for shipping pallets. A major use, if not the principal use, of this tree in the Great Plains is for shelterbelts (Stephens, 1969). Cottonwood is especially common on alluvial soils throughout the plains and prairie states. The species survives on deep, infertile, sands and clays, but makes its best growth on moist, well-drained, fine sandy or silt loams found close to streams (Cooper, 1990). In the western portion of its range, the cottonwood occurs along watercourses with American elm, boxelder, and green ash (Harlow and Harrar, 1950). The cottonwood has been found to be drought tolerant when planted on upland sites (Cooper, 1990). Cottonwood ranks first in total standing biomass in Kansas because of low harvest and old-aged stands (Raile and Spencer, 1984). Pure young stands are disappearing with the advent of stricter flood control measures now experienced with the many reservoirs found in Kansas. Evaluation of the wood-producing potential of an area (site productivity) is an important aspect of management for attaining maximum benefits from forest lands. Site-index is the most widely accepted method for determining site quality. It uses tree height/age relationships, which correlate well with timber yields. By definition, site index is the average height at age 50 years of dominant/codominant (overstory) trees in a fully stocked, even-aged stand. Base age for cottonwood is conventionally established at 25 years because of its short life span. Curves or tables have been published for many comThis content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:01:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 96, NUMBERS 3-4 205 Table 1. Distribution in Kansas of cottonwood sample trees by age and height classes in eastern Kansas. Age Height classes (ft.) classes (yr) 35 45 55 65 75 85+ Totals 10 1 1 2 20 1 1 3 4 9 30 3 1 4 4 2 5 50 1 3 60 2 2 Totals 2 2 3 7 4 7 25 mercial tree species in the United States (Carmean et al., 1989). Site quality is best determined by local site-index curves. In Kansas, only curves for American elm (Ulmus americana L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica L.) have been published (Geyer and Lynch, 1990; Geyer and Lynch, 1987; Lynch and Geyer, 1988; and Geyer and Lynch, 1989; respectively). The purpose of this paper is to provide additional site-index equations, curves, and height tables for another important tree species (cottonwood) growing on native soils in natural stands in Kansas. PROCEDURE Forest survey data from Kansas (Chase and Strickler, 1968) provided the basic input for the construction of these site-index curves. As part of a stand inventory and analysis program, 776 temporary, variable-radius plots, randomly located in the forest areas of the state, were established in groups of 10 uniformly placed over each sample location. Table 2. Distribution in Kansas of cottonwood sample trees by age and height classes in western Kansas. Age Height classes (ft.) classes (yr) 35 45 55 65 75 85+ Totals 10 2 1 3 20 2 3 6 1 12 30 2 5 4 2 1 3 50 2 2 Totals 4 3 14 4 25 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:01:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 206 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Table 3. Distribution in Kansas of cottonwood sample plots by geographic location and physiographic sites. Geographic Physiographic sites location Upland Lower slope Intermittent Bottomland Totals Northeast (22 counties) 2 3 14 19 Southeast (21 counties) 1 5 6 Western (62 counties) 1 2 6 16 25 Totals 2 4 9 35 50 Tree measurements included height and age of the first tree in each plot that was one of the major species represented and whose crown was in the upper canopy. Total tree height to the nearest foot was measured with a relascope, and age to the nearest year was determined by increment borings at breast height (4.5 ft.). Additional years were added for seedling development to estimate total age. A nonlinear growth model (Richards, 1959) was used to express height-growth patterns. H = bo + b,(l 3-b2Age), where: H = dominant and codominant height (feet), Age = total age in years, b = coefficients of the model estimated by the iterative method of least squares, e = base of natural logarithms. Guide curves were calculated for each geographic area using SAS (Barr et al., 1976), and families of site-index curves were developed utilizing the harmonized curve approach (Spurr, 1952). This approach assumes that additional curves are proportional to the guide curve, differing only by a fixed percentage. Aspen in the central Rocky Mountains has been shown to have this proportionality (Edminster et al., 1985). RESULTS Preliminary analyses of the data for geographic location were pooled for northeastern and southeastern sites, because no significant differences (P = 0.10) occurred. Sites in the western 2/3 of the state were separated because they showed a distinct difference from the eastern sites. Highway U.S. 81 approximates the east-west boundary. Physiographic differences were not tested, because sufficient data were not available. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:01:15 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 96, NUMBERS 3-4 207 BASIC COTTONWOOD GROWTH CURVES Total Height (Feet) 100 i r" @default.
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• W2333737666 date "1993-10-01" @default.
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• W2333737666 title "Cottonwood Site-Index Growth Curves" @default.
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