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• W2334507652 abstract "The Forth Valley has long been recognized as possessing a distinctive relief. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate quantitatively that the Forth Valley is a classic example of an ice-moulded lowland. Contour directions were sampled throughout the area which consisted of 29 map-sheet areas divided into I08 quadrants. For each quadrant, the strength and orientation of the resultant of the sampled contour directions was obtained by vector analysis. The number of readings obtained for each quadrant depended on the degree of dissection of relief, enabling a relief index on a percentage scale to be constructed. The results from the quadrants were amalgamated for the map-sheet areas. The results show a remarkable strength and consistency in the trend of relief throughout almost the whole of the Forth Valley. The general trend is from slightly south of west to slightly north of east, and is more marked in Fife than in the Lothians. The most common direction of relief is E. Io°N. This is also the most frequent direction of strong moulding and hence, presumably, of most powerful ice movement. There is an inverse relationship of moulding to altitude, the moulding being much stronger below I20 m than above. The trend of the moulding corresponds closely to that of ice movement as indicated by striations and erratics, supporting the theory that the moulding is largely the work of ice, which probably intensified any existing east-west valleys. It appears that two streams of Highland ice combined east of Stirling and moved eastward down the Forth Valley. EVER SINCE the early nineteenth century the Forth Valley has been recognized as possessing a distinctive relief. In I812, Sir James Halll first drew attention to ridges near Edinburgh that maintained 'a very correct parallelism with each other'. Archibald Geikie,2 in his classic Scenery of Scotland (I865), emphasized the tendency of the boulder clay of the Lowlands 'to assume the form of long ridges (drums or drumlins) parallel with the general trend of the striae on the rocks'. In the Lothians, this trend was nearly west and east. More recently, S. W. Wooldridge and R. S. Morgan3 refer to 'Lothian landscapes' in which 'isolated masses of igneous rock project through the sheet of drumlinized drift'. Other notable related features of the area are the numerous buried channels which occur below sea level, including the buried gorges of the Forth, Carron, Almond, Water of Leith and Esk. Traditionally, these have been taken to indicate that, in pre-glacial times, sea level was considerably lower than at present. J. M. Soons,4 however, has attributed to glacial erosion a closed basin in the Devon Valley, near Stirling, that descends to more than Ioo m below sea level, andJ. B. Sissons5 considers that several other deep buried troughs of the Central Lowlands were formed by glacial erosion. These references provide the foundation for this paper, the purpose of which is to demonstrate quantitatively that the Forth Valley is a classic example of an ice-moulded lowland." @default.
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• W2334507652 date "1969-12-01" @default.
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• W2334507652 title "The Forth Valley: An Ice-Moulded Lowland" @default.
• W2334507652 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/621490" @default.
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