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- W2335262805 abstract "The Boraginaceae and Scrophulariales have each been proposed as the closest extant relative of the Lamiales (i.e., Labiatae plus Verbenaceae). Char- acters supporting the two hypotheses are evaluated in light of cladistic principles. Character polarity is determined primarily through outgroup comparison. Because of uncertainty about the identity of the outgroup, separate analyses are conducted in relation to five possible outgroups. No matter which is used, there are more synapomorphies uniting the Lamiales with the Scrophulariales than with the Bora- ginaceae. This analysis departs from a strict Hennigian approach in permitting some variation within both the outgroup and the ingroup in characters used as synapo- morphies. The magnitude of variation in many higher taxa of plants renders im- practical a strict approach requiring consistent character differences. The use of apomorphic tendencies and judicious application of the commonality principle are advocated as means to tentative groupings in such cases. A survey of published phylogenies reveals two opposing viewpoints concerning the closest extant relatives of the Lamiales (i.e., Labiatae plus Verbenaceae; see below). Some authors (Hallier 1912; Dahlgren 1977, 1980; Wagenitz 1977) have asserted that the Scrophulariales is the extant group most closely related to these families, while others have claimed this position for the Boraginaceae s.l. (Wernham 1911; Thorne 1976, 1981; Takhtajan 1980; Cronquist 1981). Proponents of each view stress those characteristics that appear to unite the Labiatae and Verbenaceae with the putatively related group, sometimes attributing to convergence those traits that support the opposing view. It is my intent in this paper to evaluate the two hypotheses in light of cladistic principles. The crux of Hennigian cladistic analysis (Hennig 1966; Bremer and" @default.
- W2335262805 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2335262805 date "1982-07-01" @default.
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- W2335262805 title "Affinities of the Lamiales: A Cladistic Analysis" @default.
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- W2335262805 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/2418386" @default.
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