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• W233662151 abstract "Abstract With limited acknowledgment of its dramatically different approach to expressive association, the Supreme Court in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez upheld a public university's policy requiring all student organizations to give voting membership to all interested students, even if a student's beliefs conflicted with the expressive purpose of the organization. In concluding that this all-comers policy was both reasonable and viewpoint neutral, the Court analyzed a student organization's First Amendment expressive-association claim using the test for speech restrictions on government property constituting a limited public forum. This Article argues that the Court's merging of protections for speech and expressive association in a limited public forum is inadequate to protect associational rights that lie at the core of the First Amendment. After an introduction, Part II highlights the Court's prior expressive-association cases; Part III explores the ways in which Martinez departed from the approach of these cases; Part IV argues that the viewpoint neutrality test governing restrictions affecting speech in a limited public forum does not translate well as a means to safeguard associational rights, and proposes new tests for analyzing expressive association in a limited public forum; Part V contends that in a limited public forum expressive association should protect an organization's right to select members on the basis of voluntarily selected beliefs or conduct, but not based on immutable characteristics or status. This Article explores this status/belief distinction and addresses two opposing yet compelling criticisms of the distinction-that it does not sufficiently protect minority groups from discrimination, and, that it does not sufficiently protect expressive association. I. INTRODUCTION 130 II. EXPRESSIVE ASSOCIATION AND COMPETING VALUES 133 A. The Early Cases 134 B. Solidifying the Status/Belief Distinction 138 C. Expressive Association and the Dilution of a Group's Message 142 III. MARTINEZ'S SUBTLE SHIFTS 146 A. Background 146 B. Importation of Forum Analysis 148 C. Deferential Review for Universities Wielding Carrots ....... 149 D. Viewpoint Neutrality and the Status/Belief Distinction ..... 152 IV. THE DANGER OF MERGING SPEECH AND EXPRESSIVE ASSOCIATION IN A LIMITED PUBLIC FORUM 154 A. The Nullification of Associational Rights 155 B. An Independent Test for Expressive Association 158 C. Debunking the Subsidies Myth 160 V. THE NECESSARY DIFFICULTIES OF THE STATUS/BELIEF DISTINCTION 162 A. Good and Bad Forms of Discrimination 163 B. Objections to the Status/Belief Distinction 165 VI. CONCLUSION 169 I. INTRODUCTION At first blush, the holding in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez1 - that a public university may require its student groups to accept all students as voting members, eligible to run for leadership positions, without running afoul of the First Amendment - seems unremarkable.2 After all, as the Supreme Court held, a policy that applies equally to all student organizations is paradigmatically viewpoint neutral. …" @default.
• W233662151 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W233662151 date "2011-04-01" @default.
• W233662151 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W233662151 title "Amending Christian Legal Society V. Martinez: Protecting Expressive Association as an Independent Right in a Limited Public Forum" @default.
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