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• W2336931521 abstract "propositional attitudes are dim affairs to begin with.- W. V. Quine, Quantifiers and Propositional Attitudes1. Compositionality and Believing ThatIn his Locke Lecture, Kit Fine proposes a unified solution to three related puzzles: Frege's Puzzle about identity, Russell's Puzzle about the antinomy of the variable, and Kripke's Puzzle about belief.1 Despite its originality and ingenuity, however, its allusions to moves in the literature are not always flagged...Articulating a theory is often not enough - it is also important to locate it within the space of the other, similar proposals, as Gary Ostertag (2009) emphasizes. One of the aims of the current paper is to fill in this crucial lacuna. Decades ago, Hilary Putnam (1954) proposed a similar view in a differ ent but r elated cont ext, and this view has been under ser ious attacks from others, as we shall see presently. Therefore, to evaluate Fine's view more thoroughly, a closer look at the controversies concerning Putnam's proposa l becomes necessary. Thus the pres ent paper can be seen as an indirect engagement with Fine's relationist proposal.2We sometimes say that other animals - such as bees and dolphins - have languages. This can be granted, provided that we acknowledge a stricter sense in which only Homo sapiens have languages. In philosophy of language and mind, we often regard as the mark of the linguistic in this stricter sense. To say that a language is compositional is to recognize that in that language the meanings of complex expressions are built up from the meanings of simpler expressions with varieties of compositional rules. Compositiona lity helps us explain many other linguistic phenomena, such as productivity and systematicity.3 Although this characterization is not entirely uncontroversial, it cannot be denied that the notion of compositionality has been central for philosophical studies on language and mind since the late 19th century. For example, Frege's context principle (1884) has sometimes been taken as the starting point of contemporary philosophy of language. A century later, albeit with the opposite direction, Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore (1992, 2001a, b, 2007) use it to argue against ma ny so-ca lled mea ning holists, including David Lewis (1974), Donald Davidson (1984), Ned Block (1987), Paul Horwich (1999), and Robert Brandom (2001), among others. Needless to say, those holists need to show that they can in effect accommodate compositionality, and thereafter the relevant literature has grown immensely. T hat being said, it is not as if nothing interesting happened before this explosion of literature. Right between Frege and Fodor, Putnam made his debut by proposing what I shall call Logical Compositionality:(LC) The sense of a sentence is a function of the sense of its parts and of its logical structure (Putnam 1954/1988, p. 154, original italics).This formulation is supposed to be contrasted with and, indeed, an improvement on what can be called Standard Compositionality:(SC) The sense of a sentence is a function of the sense of its parts, including the way in which the parts of the sentence are composed (ibid., p. 153).4The crucial differ ence lies in t he amendment that logical structure should also play a role in determining the sense of a sentence. In this paper, I am going to propose still another version of compositionality: although I believe Putnam is right in thinking that something more is required in the formulation of compositionality, LC is not sustainable due to a certain consideration that I will introduce below. My positive case will rely on a specific reading of sentences with recurrence in indirect context, a reading that takes propositional attitude verbs and ot her operators with similar status mor e seriously. The shape of this solution, however, cannot be clearly seen until more notions are introduced.Soon after Putnam's proposal, Alonzo Church (1954) and Wilfrid Sellars (1955) independently developed a similar criticism of him. …" @default.
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• W2336931521 title "Compositionality and Believing That" @default.
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