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• W2338473380 abstract "Environments in Thailand have been badly threatened but few of the ecological consequences have been determined. Impact assessments have mostly concentrated on chemical analyses of pollutant residues in the environment. Biological data, however, are limited, with 2-3 approaches being used. In this paper, the advantages and limitations of monitoring approaches and the potential of fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of environmental disturbances in Thailand are discussed. l. Introduction: the situation of environments in Thailand Environments in Thailand have been subjected to a range of anthropogenic disturbances for over twenty years. Such disturbances have caused widespread deterioration of the environments over various areas in Thailand. Extensive destruction of the habitats by illegally cutting down trees and deforestation for agriculture has reduced the Thai forest area from 273,628.5 km2^or 5333% of total area in l96l to 136,698 km'or 26.64% of total areain 1992 []. Even though the ecological impact from such destruction can not be clearly determined because the ecosystem is complex, twelves animal species have been reported to be extinct with 129 animal and 100 plant species being endangered [2]. In addition, the severe erosion of soilrecorded in Thailand in 1984 was as high as 5,020,021.60 hectares or 31.8%o f the total area [3]. Mangrove forest, an important nursery and culture area for marine and shoreline products, has also been badly threatened by aquaculture ponds and charcoal production. The mangrove forest area in Thailand has decreased 46.6% over the past l5 years, from 367,900 hectares in 1961 to 19,642.24 hectares in 1986 [4,5]. A wide range of environmental impacts have been detected from mining in the sea and the shoreline along the lower western coast of Thailand. These include the reduction ofspecies composition, density and biomass of marine benthic faunas, the destruction of coral reefs and mangrove forests and the erosion and collapse of shorelines [6]. The most significant impact detected over the past twenty years, perhaps, is the widespread contamination by pollutants in the environment. A remarkable increase in the number of factories (over 90,000 as estimated in 1985 [7]) and the heavy use of ferti l izers and pesticides are the greatest sources of pollutants distributed in soil and water. These finally passed to various trophic levels through the food chains. Various kinds of pesticide residues have been widely detected in vegetables, fruits and food [8]. In addition, the concentrations of DDT detected in human milk, blood and fat in 1981 were 3:12, 0.5 and 14.29 ppm, respectively [8]. In the aquatic ecosystem, rivers running through industrial and agricultural areas are polluted with various kinds of toxicants, and finally discharge into the Gulf of Thailand. It was estimated tfat heavy metals and pesticides running into the Gulf of Thailand in 1985 were as high as 9,000 and 2,700 ton/year, respec-" @default.
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• W2338473380 date "1996-01-01" @default.
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• W2338473380 title "Fluctuating Assymetry: A Potential Indicator for Environmental Monitoring in Thailand" @default.
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