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• W2339846467 abstract "This paper focuses on against Inner that broke out in Inner Mongolia during Great Chinese Cultural Revolution that took place between autumn of 1968 and early spring of 1970. An analysis is made from perspective of ethnic genocide. The world experienced a large number of genocides in 20th century, including Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany. In aftermath of World War II, a resolution was adopted by General Assembly of United Nations on Dec. 9, 1948, entitled on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide. This important development demonstrates a strong resolution shared in international community that such atrocities should never be repeated in human history. The Convention defines genocide as follows: Genocide means any of following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of group to another group. Despite that convention, subsequent decades witnessed outbreak of many acts of in various places across world, rather than its elimination. This paper tries to elucidate how closely relates itself to fundamental nature of modem state, particularly tension between state (which insists on unity) and ethnic minorities (which demand self-determination and autonomy). The analysis is based on theory of genocide, which has been maintained by quite a few experts. In November 1911, Mongolian independence began in Outer Mongolia. Most of Inner Mongolian banners (qoshighu) also supported pan-Mongolism, which sought building of a nation-state. Independence from Qing was interpreted as national split-ism (minzu fenlie zhuyi) by Communist China, which labeled it as an original sin, and which used it as an excuse to carry out massacres. For both Communist and Mongols, there were high aspirations for establishment of a unified nation-state. Strong opposition was launched by Communist China, but Mongols attempted to construct another nation-state of their own. That made Mongols victims of committed by China. Communist recognizes 55 national minorities (shaoshu minzu) as official ethnic groups. Those Chinese anthropologists favored and patronized by establishment have peppered Chinese history with self-pride and self-commendations. They claim that China has been a unified multi-ethnic nation state since ancient times, centerpiece of which has been Han (Chinese). Propaganda has taught that ethnic minorities in have been taken good care of by the Han (Chinese), big brother, and have been living happy lives as members of giant socialist multi-ethnic family bonded together by spirit of unity. This sort of self-commendation has obscured historical realities of perpetrated against various ethnic minorities in China. Historically speaking, leading doctrine of socialism interpreted ethnic relations in terms of ethnocide: any ethnic differences should be resolved once class distinctions are overcome. is no exception. A tragedy for Mongols, and for other ethnic minorities in China, was that, due to escalated internal struggles within headquarters of Chinese Communist Party (CCP), resolution of ethnic problems was repeatedly carried out as literally violent genocides. The Chinese Cultural Revolution was initiated by CCP in 1966. In order to achieve its ideal, that is, extinction of ethnic groups, CCP exercised violence, in which it was highly skilled. A typical example was committed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) against members of Inner Mongolia People's Party (IMPP) and other organizations whose members were primarily Mongols. The Chinese establishment described that incident as a movement to identify and purge away (wasu) members of IMPP. This party, IMPP, was founded in 1925 for purpose of achieving independence of Inner Mongolia. The formation of party was largely assisted by Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP, ruling party of People's Republic of Mongolia). The Comintern provided significant support and encouragement as well. In subsequent years, when Japan advanced its military control over China, most members of became government officials in Manchurian Empire ruled by Japan. Upon defeat of Japan at end of World War II, resumed its activities, aspiring to achieve integration with People's Republic of Mongolia. However, that venture was suppressed by CCP and fell through. The maneuver to suppress Inner Mongolian independence was headed by a Mongol called Ulaanhu, who was patronized by CCP. When was forced to dissolve in 1947, some members opted to join CCP. Ulaanhu was highly praised for his contribution to, and regarded as a dedicated loyal friend of CCP. He stayed in power as supreme ruler of Inner Mongolia from 1947 until beginning of 1966. Meanwhile, immigrants to this area, particularly Han Chinese, hoped to secure their advance by destroying Mongol autonomy. The landscape of Inner Mongolia was completely overturned in 1966. That year, Mao Zedong, Chairman of Central Committee of CCP, suddenly accused headed by Ulaanhu of persistently refusing to dissolve since 1947, and that it continued an underground political aiming at dividing China, motherland. With that accusation, against Mongols started, with aim of rooting out Mongolian elites. The Han (Chinese) military man Teng Haiqing widened Cultural Revolution's attack on previous autonomy policy, an attack which turned into a genocidal campaign. A conservative estimate by Chinese government states that 27,900 Mongols lost their lives. An independent study reports, however, that a further 50,000 Mongols were victims of Revolution. On May 22, 1969, Mao criticized excessive persecutions in general terms, and in December, Teng was dismissed and Inner Mongolia was made to receive a new Han (Chinese) military man. Only in April 1978 was Purge of IMPP officially acknowledged to have been fabricated, but none of top leaders responsible was punished. Today, Chinese government only mentions following statement formally: It was only a fight among Mongols themselves. The against Mongols suspected as IMAR members was triggered mostly by confrontation between two forces: one for unification of a nation-state and other opposed to it. That incident reveals autocratic and violent nature of policies implemented by socialist government of upon ethnic minorities. Language: ja" @default.
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• W2339846467 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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• W2339846467 title "A Prelude to Ethnic Genocide : Chinese Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia" @default.
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