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• W2339968278 abstract "T has been increasing evidence that CNS stimulants are being used “off label” by those not formally diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), primarily for cognitive enhancement. Most of the attention has been paid to college students, with a recent meta-analysis reporting that 17% have misused CNS stimulants.1 Prior work has examined the prevalence of this practice and predictors of diversion and misuse. Multiple studies have found that substance use and academic stress combine to predict misuse, with one study even finding confirmatory evidence in the wastewater of an American college campus.2 Interestingly, ADHD symptoms have also been associated with misuse even among those not formally diagnosed with the disorder. Surveys have routinely found that adolescents and young adults view CNS stimulants as innocuous, socially acceptable, and effective for improving academic performance.1,3 Even the medical field has debated the value of using CNS stimulants as cognitive enhancers for the general population.4 The increasing awareness of this trend has pushed the medical field to more closely examine the cognitive benefits of CNS stimulants in those without ADHD. The data are at best mixed, with recent reviews finding limited effects. The most robust effects are for episodic memory and reaction time, especially for simple, unfamiliar tasks versus complex and familiar ones.5,6 Moreover, baseline functioning appears to moderate response, with those with the greatest deficits experiencing the largest gains, suggesting that college students may be a subset least likely to reap appreciable benefits. A recent placebo-controlled examination7 of the cognitive effects of a standard clinical dose of mixed amphetamine salts tablets (MAS) in college students with no prior psychiatric history found little evidence of cognitive enhancement except for those with greatest impairment. Even then, measurable gains were detectable in only a minority of the 13 tasks. Most interestingly, participants reported improved performance with blinded MAS over placebo, with no association between the degree of reported improvement and observed performance. It may be that the physical sensation of MAS and other CNS stimulants leads people to assume that these medications are enhancing their cognitive performance. Alternatively, CNS stimulants may impact academic performance through other processes such" @default.
• W2339968278 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2339968278 creator A5002366156 @default.
• W2339968278 date "2016-03-23" @default.
• W2339968278 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2339968278 title "The ABCs of CNS Stimulant Misuse" @default.
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• W2339968278 doi "https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.15com10102" @default.
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