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• W2339985459 abstract "Among the primates, Old World monkeys (superfamily Cercopithecoidea) are distinguished by social systems in which females are philopatric and males emigrate at sexual maturity. Females therefore spend their lives among same-sex kin, and have evolved a suite of strategies, in which kin associations feature prominently, to deal with the conflicts of reproductive interest that must result from the need for such groups to cohere in the face of predation. It has been argued, both generally and for baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in particular, that troop fission is the one way that females can respond to an unacceptable increase in resource competition as group size increases; lower-ranking females can simply depart in the company of kin and, by living in a smaller group, re-set the activity budget schedule to their advantage. One thing that a female living in such ‘female-bonded’ systems should not do is transfer to another established group, in the manner of males, since she would then live her life amongst strangers, without the benefit of kin assistance. Chacma baboon (P. c. ursinus) females, however, appear to provide an interesting exception to this general rule. In the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, southsoutheast of Johannesburg, females have been seen to transfer between troops with a frequency that makes it difficult to argue that these are stochastic accidents. Anderson proposed that such transfers, in the absence of predation, represented attempts to increase reproductive success through the improvement in mate choice opportunities. However, female transfer has not been recorded from other chacma study populations and so may represent merely one, rare, consequence of the fact that female baboons, though philopatric, are not female-bonded. In the absence of within-group competition, it is argued that female baboons focus their social attention on males, leading to reduced ties with female kin. While there is doubt about this, it is true that, unlike other subspecies, troop fission in chacmas is not characterized by the departure of matrilines and appears linked to particular males. Is it the case that female transfer and male-focused fission are equivalent expressions of dissatisfaction with life in the natal group? The fact that our two study troops (ST, VT) at De Hoop Nature Reserve now each contain an adult female born elsewhere confirms that female transfer is not restricted to Suikerbosrand, while observation of the process of transfer provides us with a unique opportunity to assess the nature of the decisionmaking underlying each event. As the circumstances were very different, we describe each event below, before considering the implications for baboon socioecology. 1. A group of three baboons — an adult male (Jo) together with an adult female (Fl) and her dependent offspring — were first seen moving as an independent unit on 8.12.1997. Between this date and 1.3.1998, the unit was occasionally seen in the vicinity of both study troops without any evidence of antagonism from either. On 2.3.1998, it was recorded as being within 30 m of ST. From this date until 3.4.1998, its presence in ST was intermittent and peripheral, although we observed resident females grooming both the new male and female. Between 6.4.1998 and 29.4.1998 the unit was mostly absent from ST, being seen on its own as well as with a third troop (LT), on which occasion we also observed an ST female (Be) in its company, she having gone directly from ST to LT in order to sexually solicit Jo. This female remained with the unit in LT for four days before returning to ST. When the unit itself returned to ST on 29.4.1998, Jo immediately consorted Be. From this date to 21.6.1998, the unit was recorded as present in ST, with the female generally being very peripheral. On this date, ST foraged near VT and when VT moved off, the small unit moved off with them. On 22.6.1998, ST and VT had an aggressive inter-troop encounter, which ended with the two troops moving in opposite directions. The unit male, Jo, remained with VT while the female and her infant crossed back into ST. On the next day (23.6.1998), Jo was observed attempting to consort a VT female. Later that day ST approached to within 30 m and the unit female and her infant were observed. Jo made no effort to interact with her. From this point until the present (30.6.1999), Jo has remained with VT. Subsequent observations on ST have been more sporadic, owing to a shift in their home range, but Fl and the infant were still observed with them on 17.8.1998. She was the lowest ranking female in the troop. 2. In March and April 1998, an epidemic killed 44 animals in two baboon troops, one of which was VT, while the other was a neighbour, HT.11 On 20.5.1998, the six remaining members of HT (not five as originally reported) — two subadult males (Ry, La), three adult females (Li, Ei, Fa) and a juvenile female (Xe) — were observed on the periphery of VT. Li was pregnant and Fa was sexually swollen. Although the HT unit was not seen on 25.5.1998, it was, otherwise, consistently with VT until the period beginning 29.6.1998, after which it occasionally moved on its own, either joining up at some point during the day or sleeping at a different site. Prior to 22.10.1998, the male La left the troop and by that date so had Ry and Li. On 18.11.1998, Ei was recorded as absent. La subsequently spent some days with the troop in mid-1999 while the others formed a small group that avoids VT when they are in the vicinity. The female Fa has, with the juvenile Xe, remained in VT, giving birth on 10.3.1999. We collected data on the behaviour of the HT unit from the time of its arrival. La, due to the absence of other adult males in VT, was immediately top-ranking, a status he held until, after a period of instability and aggression, he ceded it to Ry. Soon after this La left. Ry was thus the alpha male at the time of his own departure. In opposition to the two males, the three females were both spatially and socially very peripheral. They were lower-ranking than all VT females, a status indicated, despite the absence of directed aggression, by their avoidance of resident females. Activity data indicated that HT females were never seen to groom VT females, confining their few social interactions to males and juveniles. While HT females were as likely to have a VT female as their nearest neighbour as Research in Action South African Journal of Science 96, Month 2000 1" @default.
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• W2339985459 title "Ruths amid the alien corn: males and the translocation of female Chacma baboons" @default.
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