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• W2340148237 abstract "class Number virtual instance methods: sum: Number -> Number difference: Number -> Number product: Number -> Number instance methods: sqr() = product(self) end class Figure 20.5: Class Number with virtual methods. The sqr method can use product, even though product is not defined here. The class is abstract to indicate that it has at least one virtual method. the derivative, the derivative method is virtual, and the methods for each kind of data are placed with that kind of data, in its class. When a single type with variants is used instead, as done in Chapter 14, adding a new kind of expression requires modifying functions by adding a new case to each that handles the new kind of expression. But the object-oriented approach avoids that. Adding a new kind of expression just requires adding a new subclass of Expression and defining the virtual methods for that class. There is no need to modify any existing classes or methods at all. Now imagine providing expressions and symbolic computation on them in a library. Keep in mind that most programmers are not allowed to modify the library, but can only use it. The single-type approach allows the writer of the library to include a fixed collection of expression forms, but does not allow anyone else to add new expressions. Classes and virtual methods allow anyone to add new kinds of expressions in his or her program without modifying the library at all. Sometimes you do not want to add a new variation but to remove one because it is no longer needed. That is also easy to achieve using the object-oriented approach; you just remove the subclass that implements that variation (and any place where constructors of that subclass are used). There is no need to modify the implementations of other classes. 20.6.3. Virtual methods as function parameters Some programming languages allow you to pass functions as parameters to other functions, but most object-oriented languages do not allow you to do that. But sometimes you can simulate function parameters by using virtual methods. Suppose that you want a function or method, time(f), that runs another function f and tells you how long f takes to run. In an object-oriented programming language, you create a class called Timer, as in Figure 20.6, containing a virtual method called run that represents the function that is to be timed. It is a hook where the actual function can be attached. To time a function, you define a subclass of Timer where the run method runs the desired function. Instead of asking one object to time the execution of a method in another object, you let the subclass inherit the time method, so an object of the subclass knows how to time itself. Chapter 10 showed that the ability to pass functions as parameters to other functions allows the creation of versatile libraries containing functions that implement entire classes of algorithms. Virtual methods in class libraries can be used to achieve similar generality." @default.
• W2340148237 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2340148237 creator A5060334068 @default.
• W2340148237 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W2340148237 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2340148237 title "Concepts of Programming Languages: A Unified Approach" @default.
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