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• W23404746 abstract "WHEN IN APRIL 1932 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT spoke of forgotten man, he was not referring to an African American sharecropper named Owen Whitfield. (1) However, by decade's end, Roosevelt would sit down with Whitfield in the White House to discuss the plight of southern tillers of the soil. Whitfield is best known as the leader of a roadside demonstration in Missouri in 1939 in which he mobilized fifteen hundred desperate black and white sharecroppers to dramatically protest their worsening rural poverty. Perhaps more than any other single depression-era event, this southeast Missouri protest, where sharecroppers proudly stood amid their meager belongings along two federal highways, made America's dispossessed visible to the nation. Yet, while the demonstration helped make Whitfield a national figure, it marked only a single episode in a life of much broader work among the downtrodden. (2) As an organizer and activist between 1936 and 1946, Whitfield worked to transform the aspirations and struggles of black southerners, first in the cotton fields of southeast Missouri and later in southern cities, into concerted collective action in pursuit of social and economic justice. A black sharecropper and preacher, Whitfield cultivated and gave voice to an independent, grassroots radicalism that emerged amid the collapse of relatively stable and prosperous black farming communities in the early 1930s. He did this by refashioning the core beliefs at the heart of these communities--beliefs in the power of religion, the dignity of work, and the life-giving bonds of family and civic responsibility--into a vibrant indigenous protest movement tooled for the political realities of the New Deal. While Whitfield worked closely with national labor and civil rights organizations throughout his career, he allied with them only as a means to amplify the voice of the grassroots movement he represented. (3) Whitfield rooted his independent pragmatism in a radical gospel that sought Christ's salvation in earthly works rather than in heavenly rewards. His development as a working-class preacher stemmed from two sources: the advent of a radicalized, grassroots hard times religion among rural blacks in the early 1930s and the parallel emergence of white southern adherents to the social gospel through progressive groups like the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU). Uniting the two, Whitfield led rural blacks into a spiritual and political working-class revival, eschewing denominational church hierarchies to channel the spiritual power of grassroots believers into progressive labor unions, through which the rural poor demanded inclusion in the New Deal. (4) As the plantation system collapsed in the late 1930s, Whitfield continued organizing among the thousands of blacks seeking new opportunities in southern factories during World War II, using a style of religious protest fashioned in the rural countryside to shepherd their transition from agricultural laborers to industrial workers. Amid the flash and howl of the political and ideological battles of the 1930s and the war years, historians have assumed, religious belief and fellowship acted as a conservative force on southern African Americans, obstructing their struggles for racial and economic justice. Orlando Patterson, for example, concludes that until 1950s, most of the Afro-American churches, especially those led by the large number of semiliterate preachers, preached a gospel of spiritual withdrawal and sociopolitical passivity. Aldon D. Morris also concentrates on the black church in the 1950s as a foundation for civil rights organization, adding that it only became politically significant in urban areas. (5) Whitfield's story reveals, however, that rural and working-class African American resistance in the 1930s and 1940s often stemmed from radical religious convictions. Moreover, Whitfield's career provides an essential view of the rich network of interchange between urban and rural black working-class movements, locating the roots of the civil rights unionism of the 1940s in the rich soil of African American lives and labors in the rural South. …" @default.
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• W23404746 date "2006-05-01" @default.
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• W23404746 title "Owen Whitfield and the Gospel of the Working-Class in New Deal America, 1936-1946" @default.
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