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- W2342030130 abstract "Having discussed the critical role of the perceptions of policymakers in the previous chapter, it is now time to consider the institutional context in which policy is made and enacted and how the perceptions discussed in the previous chapter were acted upon and translated into the policy process. This chapter deals with the effect of congressional input on the policymaking process and how it affected the conception and implementation of dual containment. Congress was able to influ- ence the shape and direction of dual containment, both in defining the limits of the possible in terms of foreign policymaking and in direct interventions to control the shape the policy assumed in practice. This led Halliday to claim that the United States “spoke in two voices— Congressional and Presidential” when it came to Iran.1 Legislators also functioned as the medium by which other actors—the Israeli govern- ment and their lobbyists—were able to exert pressure, which will be discussed in detail in chapter 7. Consequently, Congress proved to be quite active in its attempts to shape American policy toward Iran and Iraq during the 1990s; many of the measures that the United States put in place to isolate Iran and the overt change in policy toward “regime change” in Iraq originated in Congress rather than the White House. This reflected the distribution of political power between the two branches of government, that is, the impact of the “separation of powers” established in the US Constitution was marked upon foreign policymaking.KeywordsForeign PolicyForeign AffairExecutive BranchRepublican PartyAmerican PolicyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves." @default.
- W2342030130 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2342030130 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W2342030130 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2342030130 title "Two Voices: Domestic Structure as an Intervening Variable" @default.
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- W2342030130 doi "https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137447241_6" @default.
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