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- W2342048051 abstract "External ion sources for cyclotrons are needed for polarised and heavy ions. This calls for injection systems, either radial or axial. Radial injection is also needed when a cyclotron works as a booster after another cyclotron or a linear accelerator (usually tandem). Requirements for injection differ from separated sector cyclotrons where there is plenty of room to house inflectors and/or strippers, to superconducting cyclotrons where the space is limited by a small magnet gap, and high magnetic field puts other limitations to the infiectors. Several extraction schemes are used in cyclotrons. Stripping injec tion is used for H~ and also for heavy ions where the q/m ratio is usually doubled. For other cases, electric and magnetic deflection has to be used. To increase the turn separation before the first deflector, both resonant and non-resonant schemes are used. In this lecture, external injection systems will be surveyed and some rules of thumb for injection parameters will be given. Extraction schemes will also be reviewed. Most of the text has been adapted and modified from the reports by David Clark from Berkeley [1] and by Werner Joho from PSI, Zurich [2]. 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N TO I N J E C T I O N S Y S T E M S The first external injection to a cyclotron was designed for polarised beams. Keller and his group at CERN tested their method on a model cyclotron but they never used it with the CERN 600 MeV synchrocyclotron [3]. The first injection into a cyclotron was reported by Powell's group at the University of Birmingham in 1992 [4]. They got a transmission of 3 % from the source to accelerated beam, without bunching. The beam was injected axially. The first radial injection was reported by Thirion in 1963 [5]. Polarised atomic deuteron beam was injected into the centre of the cyclotron where the beam was ionised. After these first external injections, other methods of injection were proposed and tested. Today, most heavy-ion cyclotrons utilize ECR ion sources together with axial injection where a spiral inflector is used. Radial injection is used both in separated sector cyclotrons and in superconducting cyclotrons where the beam is stripped to higher charge state in the centre of the cyclotron. External injection is the only way to get polarised ions to acceleration due to the large size of the ion source." @default.
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- W2342048051 date "1994-01-26" @default.
- W2342048051 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2342048051 title "Injection and extraction for cyclotrons" @default.
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- W2342048051 doi "https://doi.org/10.5170/cern-1994-001.819" @default.
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