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• W2342296910 abstract "To the Editor: It is often said that napping negatively affects sleep outcomes and that older adults are more likely to nap than younger adults. Although there is evidence supporting possible negative associations between napping and health,1 studies have also shown that napping can lead to subjective and objective improvements in mental acuity and cognitive performance.2 Further complicating the matter, results have been equivocal with regard to the effect of age on napping behavior and the association between napping and health outcomes.3, 4 Given these discrepancies, research focused on the consequences of daytime napping in various age groups is warranted. Previous studies examining napping in combination with nighttime sleep outcomes highlight the importance of taking an entire 24-hour period into account when examining sleep behaviors and related health consequences.5 To this end, the current study sought to examine age differences in the association between napping variables and sleep outcomes. These associations were explored using a daily process study design, allowing for the examination of between- and within-person associations. Participants were recruited from north central Florida and online, with a final sample of 50 younger (mean age 19.9±2.8) and 50 older (mean age 67.8±6.7) adults. The two age groups were similar with regard to demographic characteristics, with the exception that the majority of older adults were married, whereas the younger adults were more likely to be single; older adults also reported more health conditions on average than younger adults. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing social rhythmicity, light exposure, arousal during the day and at bedtime, affect, and sleep behavior for 14 consecutive days. The following analyses focused on information about sleep and napping outcomes collected using sleep diaries, the criterion-standard self-report index of sleeping behavior.6 Napping variables included daily and mean values for time of day napping occurred, nap frequency, and nap duration. Sleep onset latency, number of nighttime awakenings, time in bed, wake time after sleep onset, total sleep time, sleep efficiency index, and subjective sleep quality rating were selected from the sleep diary for inclusion in analyses. Preliminary results are presented in Table 1. Four-step multilevel models were created using the following steps: a null model with no predictors, day entered, demographic predictors (age group, sex, health rating) entered, and mean and daily napping predictors entered. The fourth model was the best-fitting model and was used to enter interaction terms to test for moderation by age group. Age was found to moderate the association between daily time of day that nap occurred and number of nighttime awakenings and the association between daily time of day that nap occurred and subjective sleep quality ratings. Decomposition of these interactions revealed that napping later in the day was associated with fewer nighttime awakenings and higher subjective sleep ratings in older adults. The opposite pattern was found for younger adults, such that napping later in the day was associated with more nighttime awakenings and lower subjective sleep ratings. Daily napping was predictive of sleep outcomes, whereas overall napping was not; this finding provides support for the utility of examining between- and within-person associations. As these results show, associations may be masked when only mean values are considered in analyses. In addition, several age differences were found in the explored associations between napping and sleep outcomes. Naps occurring later in the day were positively associated with sleep quality ratings and number of awakenings in older adults but negatively associated with these sleep variables in younger adults. Given previous research showing that evening naps7, 8 and earlier bed and wake times are common in older adults, it is possible that late day naps constitute part of the sleep cycle for older adults. Late-day napping is typically not considered to be a healthy sleep behavior because it can meet some of a person's sleep need and result in difficulties sleeping at night. However, if the late-day naps of older adults are an extension of their nightly sleep period, they may be less disruptive and may be indicative of a healthy need for sleep drive. In sum, results from the present study support the utility of examining daily associations between daytime napping and nighttime sleep and suggest an age-related, differential effect of napping on sleep. Overall, these findings contradict the commonly held notion that older adults should not nap late in the day and thus reinforce the complexity of associations between age, napping, and sleep. Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this paper. Author Contributions: Shoji, Tighe, Imel: analysis and interpretation of data, drafting manuscript, revising manuscript, final approval of version to be published. Dautovich, McCrae: concept and design, acquisition of data, revising manuscript, final approval of version to be published. Sponsor's Role: None." @default.
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• W2342296910 date "2016-04-01" @default.
• W2342296910 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2342296910 title "Napping in Older and College-Aged Adults" @default.
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• W2342296910 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14056" @default.
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