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• W2342969576 abstract "According to the National Adoption Information Clearinghouse (2003), in the United States, the estimated amount of children presently residing in foster care is about 520,000. The average child enters the foster care system at the age of four and spends 44 months in foster care waiting to be adopted (US DHHS, 2001). The majority of foster children (58%) spend their time in the home of a non-relative. Of these children, 134,000 are waiting to be released to adoptive parents. In considering the family structure of the individuals that pursue adoption, 66% of adoptive families are married couples, while 33% are single parents. Adoption is an extremely important, as well as controversial, issue surrounding the homosexual community (e.g., Bernheim, 2013; Robinson, 2013). Moreover, a tremendous number of homosexuals have a longing to develop a family that includes children. Similar to the 80% of heterosexual couples whose desire to adopt is motivated by infertility (Berry, Barth, & Needell, 1996), adoption is also the primary option for the many homosexual couples who desire to have a family (Robinson, 2013). Controversially, there are states that have implemented laws surrounding the issue of homosexuals adopting. For example, all states allow single homosexuals to adopt, but others are vague as to whether a partner can adopt his/her partner's child or child of the relationship (e.g., Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan) (Lifelong Adoption, 2015). Some states (e.g., Connecticut, Maine) and the District of Columbia allow same-sex couples to adopt. Others explicitly prohibit same-sex couples from adopting (e.g., Arkansas, Michigan, Mississippi), while others have no statutes explicitly prohibiting it (e.g., Alabama, Delaware, Idaho) (Lifelong Adoption, 2015). In addition to the long waiting period for adoption from foster care, proponents of homosexual adoption argue that children will be better off in a stable family environment rather than being moved from foster family to foster family (Penn, 2003; Robinson, 2013; cf. Fitzgibbons, 2012). For example, Stacey and Biblarz (2001) conducted a meta-analysis that showed parental sexual orientation is unrelated to the mental and social development of the child. In addition, they reported that the sexual orientation of the parent was unrelated to the quality of the parent-child relationship. Additionally, Farr and Patterson (2013) found that homosexual couples shared child care duties (e.g., bathing, dressing, feeding) to a greater extent than heterosexual couples. Their observations showed that homosexual couples participated equally in family interactions compared to heterosexual couples. In terms of family interactions, homosexual couples were less likely to show displeasure and anger toward their children compared to heterosexual couples. There is a growing body of research indicating that family environment is an important factor in child and adolescent development, regardless of parent sexual orientation (e.g., Wainright, Russell, & Patterson, 2004). Tentative support for this assertion comes from Patterson and Riskind (2011) who asserted that parental sexual orientation has little to no impact, compared to family relationship quality, on child and adolescent development. A much larger impact on child and adolescent development is strongly supported by research identifying parenting style; specifically, parental warmth (e.g., Collins & Steinberg, 2006) as a robust factor. Support for the assertion by Patterson and Riskind comes from Brewaeys, Ponjaert, Van Hall, and Golombok (1997) who showed that parental sexual orientation did not impact a child's gender development, regardless of the child's biological sex. In fact, the quality of the parent-child interaction (e.g., affection for each other, play activities, time spent together) was superior in homosexual families compared to heterosexual families (Brewaeys et al., 1997). Although research indicates no significant difference in overall quality of upbringing of children of homosexual or heterosexual parents (e. …" @default.
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• W2342969576 date "2016-03-01" @default.
• W2342969576 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2342969576 title "The Development of a Scale to Assess Attitudes toward Homosexual Adoption: A Preliminary Investigation" @default.
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