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• W2343209272 abstract "Road runoff contains a complex mixture of contaminants including metals, anions, andhydrocarbons. This runoff discharges into natural water courses which are often smallstreams. The concentration of these chemicals in the drainage water and receivingstream depends on a number of site specific characteristics such as traffic volume, areaof road drained and size of the stream. It was postulated that these pollutants have adeleterious affect on macroinvertebrate community structure which would result insubsequent effects on macroinvertebrate function (i. e. litter processing). Further, it washypothesised that impacts would be greatest in small streams, receiving drainage watersfrom large areas of heavily used motorway and that only a limited number of chemicalswould be responsible for any effects.Field surveys demonstrated that macroinvertebrate community structure and functionwas impacted at one of the three sites studied, namely Pigeon Bridge Brook. Thedownstream station at this site received motorway runoff drainage from the largest areaof road surface, was the smallest stream and had the highest metal and hydrocarbonconcentrations in both stream water and sediments (Maltby et al., 1995a).Macroinvertebrate species richness and diversity were significantly reduced below thedischarge. Species generally considered 'sensitive' to pollutants such as stoneflies,gammarids, molluscs and trichopterans were reduced in relative abundance whilst more'tolerant' opportunistic species such as chironomids and tubificid worms increased inrelative abundance downstream of the discharge. An assessment of the trophiccomposition of the community (i. e. functional feeding groups) indicated that there wasa differential loss of functional groups, with significantly lower relative abundances ofshredders and scrapers and an increase in collectors downstream of the motorwaydischarge. The changes in both the structure and trophic biology of themacroinvertebrate community resulted in a significant reduction in macroinvertebratemediatedleaf processing downstream of the motorway discharge.Although field surveys indicated macroinvertebrate community structure and functionwere negatively impacted below the motorway discharge at Pigeon Bridge Brook theycannot establish causal relationships. In-situ and laboratory studies were thereforeperformed to address the mechanistic basis for the impact. In-situ and laboratorylethality exposures did not fully explain the field distribution of the species used intoxicological studies; Gammarus pulex (L. ), Nemoura cinerea (Retz. ), Potamopyrgusjenkinsi (Smith), Chironomus riparius (Meigen) and Tubifex tubifex (Muller). In acutelethality tests stream water from Pigeon Bridge Brook was not toxic to any of thespecies. In contrast, G. pulex and N. cinerea showed slight, but significant mortalitywhen exposed to downstream sediment from this site. Sediment manipulation andsediment solvent and acid extract exposures indicated that the solvent extractablefraction of the sediment was responsible for this toxicity to G. pulex but not to N.cinerea. These results indicated that aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment may beresponsible for the toxicity and this has subsequently been shown to be the case (Maltbyet al., 1995b). ifiSince lethality studies did not fully explain field -distributions of the animals sub-lethaltoxicity avoidance behaviour tests were employed using sediment, manipulatedsediments and sediment extracts. The sensitivity to downstream field sediment,indicated by avoidance decreased in the order P. jenkinsi > G. pulex > C. riparius> T.tubifex = N. cinerea and to a solvent extract of this sediment in the order G. pulex > P.jenkinsi > C. riparius > N. cinerea > T. tubifex. Acid sediment extracts and solventextracted sediments induced no avoidance responses in these animals.Gammarus pulex was thought to be the dominant shredding macroinvertebrate atPigeon Bridge Brook. Reductions in macroinvertebrate-mediated leaf processing couldtherefore be the result of sub-lethal effects of motorway contamination on the feedingactivity of this species. In-situ exposures indicated that the consumption of leaf materialby G. pulex was reduced at the downstream station and laboratory exposures indicatedthis was principally a result of sediment toxicity. Sediment extract exposures indicatedthat the solvent extractable fraction was again responsible for the majority of this effect.Accumulation of metals and aromatic hydrocarbons on the leaf material had very littleeffect on leaf consumption or choice. However, reduced colonisation of leaf material byaquatic hyphomycetes reduced both leaf choice and consumption when the material wasconditioned at the downstream station. The major uptake route of aromatichydrocarbons by G. pulex was via aqueous sources and not from food.In conclusion motorway derived contamination in small streams has both lethal and sublethaleffects on some macroinvertebrates. This affects macroinvertebrate structural andtrophic characteristics which subsequently have a deleterious effect on importantecosystem functions." @default.
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• W2343209272 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W2343209272 title "Toxicological assessment of the effect of motorway runoff on stream macroinvertebrate community structure and function" @default.
• W2343209272 hasPublicationYear "1995" @default.
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