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• W2345903817 abstract "There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. The complex combination of manifestations and properties so characteristic of life must have arisen in the process of the evolution of matter. A.I. Oparin In order to identify life outside of a terrestrial paradigm we examine the Jovian moon, Europa as a potential source for biological material. The selection of biological targets is based on an investigation of convergent evolution as a universal precept in eukaryote development (Chela-Flores, 1998). Analytical techniques have benefited from multi-disciplinary efforts that have led to the creation of the first functional microscopic-scale laboratories that can perform a concerted series of “hyphenated” functions. Devices contained within a specialised Europan lander (Naganuma and Uematsu, 1998) will have the ability to gather samples, screen for promising biosignatures, and present sufficient data to accurately determine the characteristics of the samples. Application of these “labs-on-a-chip” (Wang et al., 2001) holds great promise in the search for life out of our own biosphere. The question of whether life exists elsewhere in the universe needs to be pertinent to the novel search paradigms afforded by missions to other potential planets. Data inferring presence of liquid water under ice cover on the Jovian moon Europa has made it a candidate for being a possible source of extra-terrestrial life (Reynolds et al., 1987). In the event of a rare opportunity for the direct sampling of the Europan surface and sub-surface (Chyba and Philips, 2002), we should examine whether life could be present in some form that has not evolved on Earth. Target and search criteria should be addressed as to whether evolution is a universal prerogative, or simply a terrestrial artifact. A search based on assays suitable for determining whether convergent evolution is a universally valid paradigm should also be open to the possibility of identifying higher organisms (Chela-Flores, 1998). Evolutionary classification of life gained a solid basis when Carl Woese propounded a novel method (Woese, 1987), using contemporary technology, that identifies those characteristics of organisms that could indicate evolutionary progress. It is necessary to identify aspects that are conserved enough in order to identify, yet are variable enough to allow an evolutionary development to be observed. This would imply an “earth-centric” approach (Conrad and Nealson, 2001) to the search for life in the universe and presupposes evolutionary criteria to be universally valid. The model of convergent evolution raises pertinent questions (Doolittle, 1994: Sette et al., 2003), as different organisms often develop similar traits, that can be explained in" @default.
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• W2345903817 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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• W2345903817 title "THE CASE FOR LIFE EXISTING OUTSIDE OF OUR BIOSPHERE Techniques for identifying molecular structures" @default.
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