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• W2345955319 abstract "What is called in this article means liberal feminismor radical feminism. Many critics, especially French ones such as Elizabeth Badinter and Emmanuel Todd, underestimate American feminism in pointthat its pro-violence tendency hinders feminism from its mature developmentand further prevalence. This article does not share their view. As explained later, pro-violence attitude of American feminism might be able to present aprototype of citizen of in coming (?) borderless, post-nationstatesworld promoted by globalization. Here does not mean thelatest stage of American imperialism. Here globalization is the process of increasing inter-connectedness between societies such that events in one part ofthe world more and more have effects on peoples and societies far away.It is true that not a few of American feminists regard violence as one of theiroptions to protect themselves. American radical feminists such as Naomi Wolfand D. A. Clarke assert that women should not hesitate to counterattack againstdomestic violence and other sexual violence. Paxton Quigley recommendswomen's owing guns against crimes. Martha McCaughey, a physical feminist, advocateswomen's going into training in martial arts for self-defense. The NationalOrganization for Women (NOW), which is a representative of liberal feminists in USA, is positive about woman soldiers' service in war battles for national defense. Yet they are not especially pro-violent, because their attitude is necessarilyresulted from American core values.Some American feminists regard their position as or contemporary citizen soldiers. Militia is a military force that engages in a rebel or terrorist activitiesin opposition to a regular army. Militiamen, ordinary people with theirown guns used for their hunting for food (never for pleasure) won victory in American War of Independence, though some researches say that it is nothingbut a myth, not a historical fact. Myth or fact, in this point, militia symbolizesAmerican core values : freedom, independence, individualism, equality and democracy.Once American people feel that their unalienable Rights, that amongthese are Life, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness are threatened by others, governments or any organizations or individuals, they might be ready to use their own weapons. Weapon ownership is a key aspect of citizenship under democraticgovernment for some American people. They believe that Constitution ofthe United States of America supports their view. Certainly Amendment 2 of Bill of Rights enacted in 1791 says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to security of a free State, right of people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. The survey of ABC News in 2002 shows that seventy three percent of American citizens think that Amendment 2 guarantees their right to keep and bear weapons for self defense. American people against control are not only what antigun critics call gun enthusiasts. According to one research, owners believe that society is a violent place; so they prepare for possibility of doing violence themselves; they view this position to be most responsible one they have to take in relation to their own safety ; they are also aware that many oppressive governments do not permit firearms to be owned by general people, because ownership can potentially threaten government through a citizens' revolt. SomeAmerican feminists share this view with owners. This article does not mean that American feminists' pro violence attitude should be positively considered because their views are resulted from Americancore values. Even if American feminists regard themselves as militiawomen, contemporary citizen soldiers, such kind of attitude can be called caricatural. There is a hypothesis that peripheral members in a given society try to more radically embody society's most sweeping ideologies than central members. American feminists who try to be regular never second citizens, may be more stimulated to achieve American core values as completely as possible. We should notice that this kind of caricatural American feminists provides us with a prototype of a citizen of coming world developed by globalization,where order in world politics emerges not from a balance of power among nation statesbut from interactions between many layers of governing arrangements. Nation-states demand its constituency to be subject to their policies and laws, and in exchange for its subordination, they are supposed to offer their people benefits and protection. But history has been showing examples that nation-states could be worst oppressor and violator for people. However,globlization might permit people to traffic many layers of governing institutions, depending on their own needs and profits. Then, nation-states will be ableto be optional, not fatal.The political philosophy of coming, globalized world is most radicalform of republicanism, also called civic humanism. The coming world might beable to be most expanded republic, a new world order governed by and forthe people. Then, people will not be able to rely on nation-states as their protectors, if people don't want state interference. In other words, future citizens of world must be ready to be citizen soldiers, caricatured form of militia, American feminists. As citizens of a republic, American feminists who premise that they can't trust government and its agents, do not invite state to be responsible for their safety, even though dependency is so seductive. Some people wonder if such a world can be greatest prison, most elaborate Matrix controlled by invisible power. Whether biggest republic, new world order may be utopian dystopian, a pro-violent, pro-counter-attack American feminist is a prototype of a citizen of post-nation-states world." @default.
• W2345955319 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2345955319 date "2007-01-01" @default.
• W2345955319 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2345955319 title "Violence and American feminism: Amendment 2, militia and citizenship in the post-nation-states world" @default.
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