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• W235410607 abstract "More than two decades have now passed since the breakup of the USSR and developments there have continued to take us by surprise. One reason may be that we have yet to develop a solid framework for understanding these systems. This brief essay proposes that we might move closer to finding such a framework through two core analytical moves. First, we can gain analytical leverage by thinking about the context of post-Soviet politics as that of highly societies, where the same formal institutions that might promote stability and openness in the West can often have very different effects in the former USSR. Second, it can be helpful to think less in terms of type and change and more in terms of regime dynamics. By these lights, what has often appeared to be periods of democratization or autocratization in post-Soviet countries might better be understood as particular phases in larger cyclic patterns of opening and closure in the arrangement of these countries' main networks.I use the term clientelistic here in a particular way, referring to a social equilibrium where individuals organize their and economic pursuits primarily around the personalized exchange of concrete rewards and punishments, and not primarily around abstract, impersonal principles such as ideological belief or categorizations that include many people one has not actually met in person.1 Naturally, all societies feature elements of both. Nevertheless, some societies experience the element to a much greater extent than do others. We can see this in global indices that measure things we would expect to be correlated with clientelism. Post-Soviet countries other than the Baltic states have generally appeared at the lower end of global scales of rule of law and social capital and at the higher end of indices of corruption.Highly societies tend to feature certain patterns of politics. For one thing, politics is primarily a battle of extended personalized networks rather than of formal institutions or even individuals. Second, state leaders have incentives and social resources favorable for arranging the most important networks in society around a single center of power, often known in local parlance as a vertical or pyramid of power and in the United States as a political machine. Creating a tight system involves extensive and elaborate coordination of a society's many complex networks, a process that takes both skill and-crucially-time to accomplish. Fourth, variation in larger regime dynamics comes from factors that complicate or accelerate this timeconsuming and complicated process of coordinating networks effectively around a single patron. In particular, presidentialist constitutions and leadership popularity tend to facilitate such coordination, while constitutions stipulating roughly equal and separate sources of executive authority (divided-executive constitutions) and uncertainty over leadership succession tend to complicate this coordination.After an initial period of turmoil, the history of (non-Baltic) post-Soviet countries can thus largely be seen as a history of the emergence of single-pyramid systems, with important dynamics in this process stemming from the obstacles and facilitators supplied by constitutions, popular support, and issues of succession.The Emergence of Single-Pyramid SystemsTo begin, let us look at what happened in the 1990s across the non-Baltic post-Soviet space.Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were the only post-Soviet countries to emerge from the USSR with their republic-level Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) organizations largely intact, with their leaders essentially just renaming them. This meant that the specific single-pyramid arrangement of elite networks inherited from the Soviet period (here, organized largely but not exclusively along regional lines) was never seriously disrupted, putting these countries' leaders in a strong position to reaffirm single-pyramid politics after 1991. …" @default.
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• W235410607 date "2012-03-22" @default.
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• W235410607 title "Two Decades of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics" @default.
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