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• W235524176 abstract "[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Joshua conquered whole land. He defeated kings of hill country, eastern slopes, and western foothills, as well as those of dry country to south. He spared no one; everyone was put to death. This was what Lord God had commanded. (1) --Joshua 10:40 When sacred months are over, slay idolaters wherever you find them. Arrest them, besiege them, and lie in ambush everywhere for them. If they repent and take to prayer and render alms levy, allow to go their way. God is forgiving and merciful. (2) --Koran, Sura 9:5 MY DISCUSSION HERE examines effects of religion on operational environment and how planners and commanders may use concept of Design to gain a deeper situational understanding of role religion plays in motivating and justifying actions in this environment. Design and Ideological Mobilizations Recently, U.S. Army has recognized need for a broader understanding of complex environments in which it operates. Consequently, Army is institutionalizing a more holistic approach that seeks to understand situations in greater breadth and depth with an aim to find deeper and more durable solutions to complex problems. This process, known as Design, seeks to understand by framing a given situation within a context. When situation changes, planners will reframe a perspective against a more relevant context. Practitioners of Design include not only traditional military, political, and environmental factors in their analysis and synthesis, but also broader areas of human endeavor such as history, culture, society, and religion. (3) The method of Design is useful to strategic planners only if it facilitates a more accurate understanding of reality and therefore fosters helpful modifications to operational plans. Fully understanding role of religion in a given situation or event goes beyond simple rational understanding. It includes accepting and apprehending other modes of human perception, exchange, and discourse. These modes include emotional empathy and consideration of other opinions--even those opinions that lie outside parameters of traditional Western logic, judgments, perceptions, and intuitions. Planners tend to approach their work in a rigorously logical, methodical, process-oriented manner best exemplified by formalized military staff processes such as Joint Operations Planning Process and U.S. Army's Military Decision Making Process. A process approach can be very good for straightforward (linear) actions such as force-on-force operations. However, such process approaches are ill-suited to community-centered action in which force has second-and third-order (or greater) effects which often undermine desired outcomes. If planners seek to understand a human system in which religion plays a significant part, they must remember inherent complexity of individual religious experience and its many social dimensions. Specifically, planners and thinkers involved in Design process should bear in mind following guidelines when assessing potential impact of religion on strategic or operational environment. Religion as a Presence in Operational Environment Although many religions have been used to further political, social, or spiritual aims, I focus on three monotheistic faiths--Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions tend to be dogmatically exclusivist. They classify people into believers and non-believers. This bifurcated worldview tends to create an us versus them mentality, which can foster conditions to justify use of force against those who have not accepted the truth. Judaism originated as religion of an ethnic group--the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Throughout its history, Judaism has retained its exclusivist character. It has not been especially keen to convert others. …" @default.
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• W235524176 date "2010-11-01" @default.
• W235524176 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W235524176 title "Dealing with Absolutes: Religion, the Operational Environment, and the Art of Design" @default.
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