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• W2364165406 abstract "We incubated a total of 132 Pelodiscus sinensis eggs at 30℃ using wet vermiculite as the incubation substrate, of which the moisture was kept constant at -220 kPa water potential. We paid particular attention to the growth trajectory of embryo and embryonic use of material and energy during incubation. Eggs were weighed at 7-day intervals to test for temporal changes in egg mass. From the tenth day of incubation, we opened 15 eggs at 5-day intervals and separated them into shell, embryo and yolk. The three egg components were oven dried to constant mass at 65℃, weighed and preserved frozen for later determination of composition. Upon emergence, size (carapace length and width) and mass were measured on each hatchling. Hatchlings (n =17) were then killed by freezing to -15℃ for later study. Upon thawing, we separated each hatchling into carcass, residual yolk and fat bodies. The three components were oven dried to constant mass at 65℃, weighed and preserved frozen for later determination of composition. We extracted non-polar lipids from dried samples in a Soxhlet apparatus for a minimum of 5.5 h using absolute ether as solvent. The amount of lipids in a sample was determined by subtracting the lipid-free dry mass from the total sample dry mass. The total lipid in each hatchling was calculated as the sum of the lipids in its carcass, residual yolk and fat bodies. We determined energy density of dried samples using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter and ash (inorganic material) content in each sample using a muffle furnace at 800℃ for a minimum of 8 h and then weighing the remaining ash. The incubating eggs did not show significant temporal changes in mass over the course of incubation, suggesting that mass gain or loss due to exchanges of water between incubating eggs and their surroundings was negligible in this study. The incubation length averaged 45.5 days. At the stage of 0～20, 20～30, 30～40 and 40～45 days of incubation, the developing embryos mobilized approximately 6%, 24%, 59% and 4% of the total egg energy in the yolk of the freshly laid egg, respectively. Embryos grew slowly during the first 30 days and last 5 days of incubation, as indicated by the small increase in embryo mass and the low rate of embryonic mobilization of energy. The maximum embryonic growth occurred at the stage of 30～40 days of incubation. The pattern that embryos grew slowly in the last days of incubation was much similar to that seen in some other turtles, presumably resulting from the synchronized emergence of hatchlings. Embryos used both yolk and eggshell as the sources of inorganic material for development, because total ash in newly emerged hatchling exceeded that in the yolk of the freshly laid egg. This claim could be further substantiated by the fact that shells from hatched eggs were lighter in mass and contained less quantities of ash than those from freshly laid eggs. During incubation, approximately 79.6% dry material, 58.7% non-polar lipids and 66.5% energy in egg contents of the freshly laid egg were transferred into the hatchling. Of all energy in the newly emerged hatchling, 71.8% was in the carcass, 19.4% in fat bodies and 8.8% in the residual yolk." @default.
• W2364165406 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2364165406 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W2364165406 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2364165406 title "DYNAMICS OF MATERIAL AND ENERGY DURING INCUBATION IN THE SOFT-SHELLED TURTLE(PELODISCUS SINENSIS)" @default.
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