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• W236495095 abstract "This paper will document the tensions existing within Japan, and the resultant effect beyond its borders, arising from nationalist tendencies arguably promoted by the Ministry of Education. The Meiji Restoration initiated an ‘opening out’ of Japan and an engagement with the wider world. The Meiji Restoration also gave rise to radical changes in the Japanese education system, steered by the Ministry of Education, which sought to instill patriotic pride and loyalty to the nation state. The slogan fukoku kyōhei ( “enrich the country, strengthen the army” ) popular during the early stages of the Meiji period (see Lincicome, 1993, p. 146) was a portent to ultra-nationalism and militarist ideology that culminated in the hostile action of the Imperial Japanese Forces throughout Asia in the 1930s and 1940s. Following the unconditional surrender of Japan in August 1945 in Tokyo Bay, the occupation forces sought to redress this ideology, which in turn was initially challenged in the 1950s, and gathered force in the 1980s with the Nakasone Government (1983-1987) and i ts dichotomous Kokusaika (internationalism) program. This paper will address the above issues, beginning with an explication of the formation of the Ministry of Education and detailing its course through the 20 century and into the early 21 century. The Ministry’s early machinations embraced and inducted a polity that positioned the Emperor as spiritual centre of the nation state, surrounded by a religious and political ideology that promoted a nationalist and patriotic tendency. Nationalistic tensions continue to be felt in Japan and these tensions, still driven in part by the ※ Associate Professor Inter-faculty Institute of International Studies. Ritsumeikan University. 1. Referred to hereafter as also the MOE, Mombushō or MEXT. MEXT is an acronym for Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MECSST). The Ministry of Education, Science Sports and Culture combined with the Science and Technology Agency in January 2001. 2. Kokusaika is seen here as a metaphor where “inclusion is subjugated to exclusion” (see Whitsed and Volet, 2010, p. 17). © The International Studies Association of Ritsumeikan University: Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies, 2011. ISSN 1347-8214. Vol.10, pp. 95-119" @default.
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• W236495095 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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• W236495095 title "Nationalistic tendencies and tensions within the Japanese educational system" @default.
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