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• W237010626 abstract "Abstract This article exposes and tries to explain some preliminary findings from a research project, still in progress, on immigrant insertion into underground economy in agricultural, building and, family care service sectors in Tuscany. Employing a network analysis approach it seeks to explain how immigrants, both documented and undocumented get their jobs for Italian employers and role that ethnic and non-ethnic networks play in providing information on vacancies, guarantees to employers and activating mechanisms of social control and sanctions against a worker. The finding is that although networks play an important role in providing information on vacancies. such networks play a less important role in providing guarantees for employers and as mechanisms for social control. This is explained in terms of both characteristic of immigrant groups and their networks and Italian underground economy more generally. Introduction In international literature there are many different terms used to denote underground economy and informal employment (Pontes and Sassen-Kobb, 1987; Portes, Castells and Benton, 1991; Portes, 1994; Williams and Windebank, 1998; Mateman and Renoy, 2001; OECD, 2004). So a preliminary definition is necessary in order to understand exactly use I will make of various terms. In this paper, terms underground or black or irregular economy will be used as synonymous terms and denote the production and sale of good and services that are unregistered by, or hidden from, state for tax, social security and/or labour law purposes but which are legal in other respect (Williams and Windebank, 1998: p.1). Informal employment, or black work, or unregistered or undeclared or irregular work, meanwhile, will be used as synonymous terms to denote a where one's labour is recompensed by a wage or fee, in other words, paid (Williams and Windebank, 1998: p.3), but when whole relationship is not regular, for example when there is not any labor contract. Finally, I use term gray work or gray employment to denote a situation where only a part of relationship is not regular according to laws; for example when extra payment for overtime is made without registration or when there is use of atypical labor contracts contrary to laws. In this paper, moreover, I take care to distinguish between migration and about immigrants' status in work and in host countries. Here, 'irregular' refers to immigrants regularly in national territory but with an irregular job or a gray job; 'undocumented' (not authorized) refers to those regularly entered in national territory but with an expired permit to stay; and 'clandestine' refers to those who have entered into national territory completely without any authorization. The research reported here is focused on irregulars employed by Italian employers in region of Tuscany. It is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with a range of respondents and employs a network analysis approach in order to understand relationships between immigrants, networks and underground economy. The underground economy in Italy and Tuscany The underground economy is a largely extensive and deeply rooted phenomenon in Italian productive context. By means of a review of international research that considers siu of underground economy, it is possible to identify three groups of countries in Europe: those with a low rate on GNP of submerged activity (such as Austria, Ireland. Great Britain, Scandinavian counties), those with a middle rate (such as Germany, Belgium, France) and those with a very high rate (over 15% as in many Southern European countries). Among this latter group, Italy is country, after Greece, with largest underground economy. Informal employment in Italy increased during late 1990s and for first years of new century (Roma, 2001), even if incidence of workers without any labor contract seemed to be lower and incidence of people having a double job (the first one regular second on irregular) higher. …" @default.
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• W237010626 date "2004-07-01" @default.
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• W237010626 title "Underground Work, Immigrants and Networks: Preliminary Findings from Italy" @default.
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