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• W238139051 abstract "This study explored the relationship between Asian American students' choices of racial and ethnic identity labels, their attitudes toward racial and ethnic issues, and involvement in campus organizations. The findings suggest complex relationships between racial and ethnic self-identification and attitudes for some identity groups and no relationship for other groups. In recent years there has been a rise of Asian American student services, from targeted offices and services to Asian American student centers. Generally these programs and services are of a pan-Asian1 nature, appealing to students' sense of a shared identity. The unstated assumption behind this umbrella identity is that students from Asian ethnic backgrounds have enough in common to be able to identify with each other racially and perhaps even have a common understanding of what Asian American means. Yet given a choice, individuals often choose to identify with their ethnicity (e.g., Chinese) or as ethnicity-American (e.g., Chinese American). Studies of ethnic groups including Filipinos (Besnard, 2003), Indians (Farver, Narang, & Bhadha, 2002), and Chinese and Koreans (Hong & Min, 1999) showed most participants primarily (or solely) identifying with their specific ethnic group as opposed to Asian American. A study in Southern California showed that two-thirds of Asian American respondents preferred to identify themselves according to their ethnicity compared to only one in six preferring the Asian American label (Lien, Conway, Wong, 2003). However, six in ten of them did claim the Asian American identity at certain times and understood the utility of it. In other words, people may check the Asian American box on a form, but its use can be contextual or it may not necessarily hold much personal meaning (Kuo, 2001; Phinney, 1996). Espiritu (1992) described the historical development of an Asian American identity in the mid-1960s when various Asian groups came together for pragmatic political and economic reasons. It was made possible by a U.S.-born generation with fewer language and cultural differences than their parents. However, today the majority of Asian Americans are foreign born (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007), meaning these differences are once again prominent (Kibria, 2002). The ethnic composition of the Asian American population is changing as well, with more South and Southeast Asians who have generally identified less with the Asian American label (Espiritu, 1992; Shankar & Srikanth, 1998). Asian American is a term that some students consider externally imposed, reactive in response to being non- White in a racist culture, and something they identify with by default (Kibria, 1999; Min & Kim, 1999). This socially constructed term Asian American can be confusing as an identity choice (Kibria, 2000; Shankar & Srikanth, 1998), particularly during the college years (Kibria, 1999; B.W. Kim, 2001, Kuo, 2001) or for second generation Asian Americans (Min & Kim, 1999). There are additional layers of this labeling debate, with use of the term Asian Pacific American to be inclusive of Pacific Islanders, but some feel this is not accurate as Pacific Islanders have different issues and needs (O.A. Poon, personal communication, November 16, 1006). In fact, the 2000 census moved Pacific Islanders from a subset of the classification of the Asian American category into the Native American one (Lai & Arguelles, 2003). Racial identity theories (Cross, 1971; Helms 1995) describe a developmental process for people in understanding and identifying with their race and that of the White majority. These theories focus on the struggle that individuals have with their identity as a non-white person in a racist society (though there are White identity theories as well), in this case as Asian Americans. Racial identity theories are often used by student affairs practitioners, psychologists, and other educators to better understand how students of color see their world, interpret their experiences, and integrate their understanding of race into their overall identity. …" @default.
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• W238139051 title "Do Labels Matter? Attitudinal and Behavioral Correlates of Ethnic and Racial Identity Choices among Asian American Undergraduates." @default.
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