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• W238207820 abstract "In 2008, Edouard Leon Scott de Martinville (1817-1879), France's pioneering inventor of the Phonautographe, a machine that recorded (but did not play-back) sound waves, attracted sudden, long-overdue attention (1) 151 years after he had registered and patented his invention. (2) Then, too, French poet, inventor, and bon vivant Charles Cros (1842-1888) officially registered on 30 April 1877 his own description of a Paleophone that he said would record and re-play sound. Scott's patent for his sound recording machine antedated Edison's Phonograph patent by 20 years. The official registration of the Cros invention antedated Edison's by eight-and-a-half months. The research of Americans Patrick Feaster (3) and David Giovannoni combined with the technological sophistication of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has made it possible to listen to Scott's 1860 recording of what is now thought to be a male voice singing 'Au Clair de la Lune.' However, this stunning technological contribution to the history of recorded sound has inevitably led to further questions. An historian, for example, cannot help wondering about the French historical context--possible governmental, political, and economic influences that in one way or another influenced (for better or worse) the work of Scott and Cros during the final third of the 19th century. Did major events and political and economic developments in France influence the two inventors? How did that historical context compare to that of Thomas Edison in the U.S.? This article identifies three major historical forces that tragically limited the aspirations of the two 19th century French inventors of recorded sound. Without this historical contextualization, Scott de Martinville and Cros remain enigmatic, largely obscure but somehow important at the same time. The relevant French historical context of acoustic invention discourages the easy assumption that Thomas Edison and American technological inventiveness alone overwhelmed French inventors. There can be no doubt that the arrival of Edison's phonograph in France did severely challenge both French inventors, but this article emphasizes that the two French inventors were, if not defeated, then certainly handicapped by their own country's history before Thomas Edison's invention of the phonograph. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] The first of the three influences in French public life came from sharp, value laden distinctions drawn between Science and Technology by France's leading scientific organization, the Academy of Sciences. The second historical influence involved lasting political repercussions of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), the organization in 1870 of the Third Republic of France, and the crisis of the Paris Commune in 1871. The third influence flowed from the particular historical development of a French economy based overwhelmingly on agriculture, one that was slow in important ways to modernize its major industries. The French economy was further undermined by the huge reparations payments demanded by Prussia when France sued for peace. Lastly, French industrial executives were slow to recognize their growing need for corporate technological research and development. In turning to the first of these three powerful historical forces, one must emphasize that France has a very rich and influential history of scientific discovery. As Eda Kranakis puts it: With respect to theoretical engineering sciences, the French were in the forefront internationally in virtually every field: they made brilliant and fundamental contributions to (inter alia) statics and mechanics, social studies of Science, the theory of elasticity and strength of materials, hydrodynamics, thermo-dynamics, the theory of machines, the theory of friction, and analysis of structures, and analysis of vibration. Indeed, their idea and methods, in countless instances, have become part of the basic intellectual equipment of engineers the world over. …" @default.
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• W238207820 date "2011-09-22" @default.
• W238207820 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W238207820 title "Historical Influences on French Inventors of Recorded Sound, 1857-1914" @default.
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