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- W2392944059 abstract "Attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by the inability to marshal and sustain attention, modulate activity level, and moderate impulsive actions. The result is maladaptive behaviors that are inconsistent with age and developmental level. Evidence from neuropsychological, pharmacologic, and brain-imaging studies implicates dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems in frontostriatal circuitry in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Genetic factors appear to play an important role. 1-3 Extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 g) 4 and environmental conditions, such as head trauma and exposure to lead, are also associated with symptoms of ADHD. The diagnosis of ADHD requires the identification of specific behaviors that meet the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, revised (DSM-IV-R) 5 (Table 1). Three types of ADHD are diagnosed: combined inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive (about 80 percent of patients); predominantly inattentive (about 10 to 15 percent); and predominantly hyperactive and impulsive (about 5 percent). The prevalence of ADHD is estimated at 3 to 7 percent of all children. Boys are more often affected than girls (the ratio ranges, according to the population studied, from 9 to 1 to 2.5 to 1), but increasingly, cases involving girls are being identified. 5,6 ADHD is a chronic condition with symptoms experienced over a lifetime. 7 This review focuses on ADHD in children and adolescents." @default.
- W2392944059 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2392944059 creator A5041101041 @default.
- W2392944059 date "2005-01-01" @default.
- W2392944059 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2392944059 title "This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author's clinical recommendations. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder" @default.
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