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- W239454503 abstract "Prior to 2003, discussions about Iraq's territorial stability tended to focus on and more specifically on the relationship between a projected autonomous area and the rest of Iraq as a unitary state. However, in the years after 2003, this tendency temporarily shifted toward a greater focus on visions of tripartite fragmentation-Sunni, Shiite, and Kurd-or at least radical decentralization along these lines. This new tendency reached its apex in the period between 2005 and 2007, with Iraq's new constitution of October 2005 representing perhaps the most remarkable manifestation of a new, experimental trend toward for all of Iraq. Since 2007, and more markedly since 2008, this new trend has been reversed. Increasingly, the question of decentralization in Iraq is reverting to its original trajectory: the search for a special status for Kurdistan, with the rest of the country expressing satisfaction with a centralized state structure with Baghdad as its capital. This trend, in turn, means that the array of viable solutions to national reconciliation issues in Iraq has changed too. This article argues that the greatest potential for solving today's constitutional conflict in Iraq involves reversion to historical aims as expressed in the pre-2003 period. Many of the maximalist demands that surfaced in the chaotic period between 2004 and 2007 possess only limited resonance in both and non-Kurdish constituencies and can, in many cases, safely be ignored in the national reconciliation process. THE PRE-2003 SITUATION The grotesque nature of the atrocities against the population of Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War has to a large extent overshadowed some more benign historical legacies relating to the question in Iraq. For example, while recent writers have sought to create the impression of an endless story of confrontation between the Kurds and other Iraqis, there is not much material to support this interpretation as far as the late Ottoman (1831-1914) and the monarchy (1921-1958) periods are concerned. Similarly, despite his subsequent confrontation with militias, Iraq's first republican leader, Abd al-Karim Qasim (ruled 1958-1963), is still held in high regard by many Kurds today, not least for his explicit recognition of the Kurds as an element of the Iraqi nation. More generally, Iraq was the first state with a significant population to address the issue in a comparatively non-paranoid fashion. In terms of basic acts like recognizing ethnicity and language, for example, Iraq was decades ahead of its neighbors, with concrete proposals in this direction dating back to the 1960s. This relatively permissive environment, in turn, gave birth to a movement which would often adopt tough bargaining positions, but which nevertheless tended to ultimately stay loyal to the framework of a unified Iraqi state. Negotiations in the 1970s broke down not over the idea of as such, but rather as the result of the oil-rich city of Kirkuk having been added to the list of desiderata in a rather abrupt manner during the course of the negotiations. Today, Western analysts have become so thoroughly lulled into the cliches of Kirkuk as some kind of Kurdish Jerusalem that many appear to have problems realizing how novel and downright shocking this idea seemed when it appeared on the agenda of Mustafa Barzani in the 1960). Similarly, the cruel violence of the 1980s and in 1991 did not deter the Kurds from holding on to the vision of a unified Iraq, although this became increasingly framed as a demand for in Iraq, especially from the 1990s onward. At the time, federalism was seen as involving greater cession of power by Baghdad than mere autonomy would allow for. For that reason was met with skepticism from the rest of the opposition (primarily Shiite Islamists, as well as an increasing number of defectors from the Baghdad regime). …" @default.
- W239454503 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W239454503 date "2010-01-01" @default.
- W239454503 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W239454503 title "The Kurdish Issue in Iraq: A View from Baghdad at the Close of the Maliki Premiership" @default.
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