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• W2394785874 abstract "The recent decade has seen a rapidly emerging body of scientific advances in multimodal neuroimaging that has led to a better understanding of how acute and chronic alcohol consumption affects neural networks underlying cognitive, emotional, and reward processing mechanisms that promote drinking behavior. Recent developments enabling the combination of 2 or more neuroimaging methods (e.g., structural magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], diffusion tensor imaging [DTI], and functional MRI [fMRI], arterial spin labeling or perfusion MRI, MR spectroscopy [MRS], positron emission tomography [PET], magnetoencephalography [MEG], and event-related potentials [ERP]) have become increasingly important, as no single imaging approach has the capacity to elucidate all clinically relevant characteristics of a neural network and its adaptation to the acute and chronic effects of alcohol consumption.Structural neuroimaging has revealed cortical shrinkage (Pfefferbaum et al., 1998) and white matter degradation in alcohol abuse and dependence (Harris et al., 2008; Pfefferbaum et al., 2009), with the greatest abnormalities appearing in frontal and superior compared with posterior and inferior sites. Functional neuroimaging has revealed alcohol-related differences in brain activity during task processing. fMRI can help identify regional brain activity associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions, and how differences in regional activation relate to performance deficits after acute alcohol (Marinkovic et al., 2011) and chronic alcohol abuse (Norman et al., 2011; Schulte et al., 2010). For example, recent fMRI studies found that acute alcohol impairs visual perception by reducing the normal activation response to visual stimuli (Esposito et al., 2010), and also affects cognitive control mechanisms typically invoked to process high-conflict and error trials by attenuating neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity (Marinkovic et al., 2011). PET has further shown that moderate doses of alcohol reduce brain glucose metabolism, likely reflecting decreases in brain activity (Volkow et al., 2006). The use of receptor-specific radioligands has also permitted studying the association between acute oral alcohol exposure and dopamine (DA) release (Boileau et al., 2003). Used in combination with fMRI, the potential exists to determine what in the fMRI response is directly related to DA, itself.Chronic alcohol abuse affects the brain in enduring ways, and these effects themselves may in turn contribute to the loss of control over drinking behavior. For example, deficits in executive functioning in chronic alcoholics involved in monitoring and resolving conflict have been associated with abnormal prefrontal activity (Oscar-Berman and Marinkovic, 2007). A blunted rostral anterior cingulate response has been linked to deficits in emotional functioning, specifically when decoding negative emotional facial expressions (Salloum et al., 2007). fMRI can be further enhanced when combined with ERP and MEG. These techniques are particularly accurate with regard to the time course of cognitive processing and, together with fMRI, provide information on the exact temporal sequence of processes within spatially defined neural networks (Dale et al., 2000).Other recent neuroimaging combinations include DTI tractography and functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI), which facilitate exploration of the relationship between white matter fiber integrity and functional network connectivity between brain regions and how they are altered by chronic alcohol abuse (Chanraud et al., 2011; Schulte et al., 2010). DTI tractography has also been combined with MRS to better evaluate concrete white matter regions with microstructural injury in alcoholism (Zahr et al., 2010).The use of neuroimaging has further proven relevant for defining a neurobiological relapse risk profile in alcohol dependence. For example, a recent study of alcoholics entering into treatment for alcohol dependence showed that future relapsers had smaller brain volumes than future abstainers in regions of the mesocorticolimbic reward system that is involved in impulse control, emotional regulation, and craving (Cardenas et al., 2011).This mini-review1 reports recent developments in combining with neuroimaging techniques to achieve a better understanding of alcohol effects on the brain: The first section reviews how dopaminergic PET imaging, combined with fMRI, can examine the response of the brain reward system (BRS) to alcohol and alcohol’s sensory properties. The second section reviews the use of combined fMRI and MEG to study the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on executive functions, such as the capacity to inhibit impulsive behavior and to select optimal response strategies. The third section will demonstrate how DTI and fMRI methods can be combined to characterize the effects of chronic alcohol on the integrity of microstructural white matter fibers connecting cortical sites in relation to functional network connectivity measures and executive control. The fourth section introduces how combining DTI, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and perfusion MRI enhance our knowledge of the effects of alcohol and nicotine dependence on different aspects of the BRS. The final section summarizes the different neuroimaging methods that have been recently combined to identify the interactive effects between brain structural degradation and brain function in alcoholism, and offers suggestions for future research on alcohol use disorders and the human brain." @default.
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• W2394785874 date "2012-12-01" @default.
• W2394785874 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2394785874 title "How Acute and Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Brain Networks: Insights from Multimodal Neuroimaging" @default.
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