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• W2394927893 abstract "Grounded Spatial Belief Revision Jelica Nejasmic (jelica.nejasmic@psychol.uni-giessen.de) Leandra Bucher (leandra.bucher@psychol.uni-giessen.de) Markus Knauff (markus.knauff@psychol.uni-giessen.de) Justus-Liebig University, Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10F, 35394 Giessen, Germany Abstract Beliefs frequently undergo revisions, especially when new pieces of information are true but inconsistent with current beliefs. In previous studies, we showed that spatial belief revision is often guided by the functional asymmetry between the reference object and the located objects of the spatial relation. Here we first draw a connection between spatial belief revision and grounded cognition. In two experiments, we explored whether imagined physical properties of objects influence which object is relocated and which remains at its initial position. Participants mentally revised beliefs about the arrangement of objects which could be envisaged as small and large (Experiment 1) or easy to move and difficult to move (Experiment 2). The results show that (1) small objects are more often relocated than larger objects and (2) easy to move objects are faster relocated than difficult to move objects. The findings are in line with the idea of grounded cognition. Keywords: Spatial cognition, grounded cognition, mental models, belief revision, spatial reasoning Introduction Imagine you have a date with a friend in a foreign city. He described to you how to come to the meeting point: “When you get off the train, you will see the kiosk to the left of you, and an ice cart to the right of you. To the left of the kiosk, I will wait for you.” This description is compatible with the following mental model: Kiosk – I – ice cart Almost arriving you get a call from your friend who tells you: “I made a mistake. The kiosk is to the right of the ice cart.” On which side is your friend waiting for you? In fact there are two possibilities: description was wrong; your partner describes where he parked your car, but it is parked somewhere different, and so on. All this has to do with the field of “belief revision”. Researchers in this field explore how people change their mind in the light of new contradicting information. The experimental studies mostly used conditional reasoning problems in which an inconsistency arises between a fact, contradicting a valid conclusion, and the conditional and categorical premises. Within this research, psychologists were able to show that belief revision is affected by many factors, including asymmetries between particular facts and general laws (Revlis, Lipkin, & Hayes, 1971), conditional and categorical premises (Elio & Pelletier, 1997; Dieussaert, Schaeken, De Neys, & d’Ydewalle, 2000; Girotto, Johnson- Laird, Legrenzi, & Sonino, 2000; Revlin, Cate, & Rouss, 2001), major and minor premises (Politzer & Carles, 2001), and reliable and unreliable information sources (Wolf, Rieger, & Knauff, 2012). The present work is part of our current attempt to extend the cognitive research on human belief revision to the area of spatial reasoning. Our main motivation is that (1) spatial inferences are ubiquitous in our daily life (Goodwin & Johnson-Laird, 2005; Knauff, 2013), (2) reasoning with spatial relations is often easier than reasoning with conditionals (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Knauff, 2007), and that space is one of the most fundamental dimensions of our physical and psychological reality (Gattis, 2001; Knauff, 1999, 2013). In our previous work, we have identified three main principle of spatial belief revision (Knauff, Bucher, Krumnack, & Nejasmic, 2013): Spatial reasoning relies on mental models. A mental model is a unified representation of what is true if the premises are true. Reasoners use the meaning of assertions and general knowledge to construct single models of possibilities compatible with these assertions. Spatial relations are not represented explicitly in a propositional format but rather they are inherent in the model and thus can be (and must be) ‘‘read off’’ from the model by mental inspection processes (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; Polk & Newell, 1995; Goodwin & Johnson-Laird, 2005). Spatial belief revision relies on the revision of mental models. If newly available information is inconsistent I – ice cart – kiosk Ice cart – kiosk – I In everyday life, we are often confronted with such problems. People describe how to find certain objects and then realize that the description is wrong ( I left your key on the kitchen table, but it is actually on the table in the living room ); someone describes how to find a certain place in a foreign city and on your way, you realize that his" @default.
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• W2394927893 date "2013-01-01" @default.
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• W2394927893 title "Grounded Spatial Belief Revision" @default.
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