FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W239598074> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W239598074 abstract "INTRODUCTION From 1960s to 1980s Latin America was convulsed by violence as military-security forces carried out a ruthless against subversion. A wave of U.S-backed military coups swept region and repressive, right-wing military rule was instituted in almost every country. These states, which I term national security states, were characterized by their systematic use of terror, including death squads, to subdue their populations. In this article I use Bruce B. Campbell's definition of death squads as clandestine and usually irregular organizations, often paramilitary in nature, which carry out extrajudicial executions and other violent acts (1) against specifically targeted persons, in this case, subversives. Death squads are almost invariably state-sponsored or state-condoned; they are instruments of state Death squads--anonymous gangs of men that appear autonomous and that use terrorist methods such as bombings, disappearance, extrajudicial execution, and torture-act to terrorize society as a whole as well as to claim individual victims. This article examines Uruguayan state's creation of several death squads to fight the war against subversion and solidify repressive control of Uruguayan society, first within its territory, and then outside it, in framework of Operation Condor. Death squads emerged in 1970 and 71, while Uruguay was still nominally a democracy. The Uruguayan armed forces seized power and imposed a dictatorship in 1973. Condor, formed in late 1973-early 1974, was a secret intelligence and operations system among South American military regimes that enabled multinational death squads to carry out cross-border political repression, spreading anticommunist dirty wars across region. Condor death squads-composed of paramilitary, parapolice, and civilian members-functioned as an integral part of broader counterinsurgency or counterterror campaigns. Counterterror, in military parlance, is the use of terror to fight terror. The article argues that death squads that emerged in Uruguay and elsewhere in Latin America in this era were parallel forces created and used by states as counterinsurgency tools. They resulted from a strategic and calculated choice by state elites seeking to neutralize social sectors that were demanding a fairer distribution of economic resources and political power. The death squads were instruments used to command and control civilian populations through use of terror, and were part and parcel of unconventional warfare strategies and national security doctrine condoned by elite groups as well as Washington. Most importantly, system of state terror was international, sustained by arms, technology, finances, and other forms of support from Washington and collusion of Latin American military regimes, united in inter-American military system as well as covert Operation Condor. Inspired by a national security doctrine that legitimized harsh and illegal methods against internal enemies, U.S-backed counterinsurgents built a parallel apparatus, a set of invisible structures and forces of state, in order to eliminate political opposition while ensuring deniability. The case of Uruguay reveals tight interconnections among U.S. military and police training programs, inter-American counterinsurgency strategies, right-wing death squads, and Condor system of cross-border political repression. Theoretically, case of Uruguay sheds light on why, and when, states form death squads. ANALYZING THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT In Latin America postwar era was a time of social awakening and political mobilization. (2) Millions of Latin Americans lived in conditions of socioeconomic inequality, poverty and economic hardship, lack of democracy, and authoritarianism, and many began to demand new rights in 1960s and 70s. These new forces, inspired by rising Third World nationalism and, in some cases, by 1959 Cuban revolution, struggled to end generations of political and social exclusion. …" @default.
• W239598074 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W239598074 creator A5082048434 @default.
• W239598074 date "2017-10-02" @default.
• W239598074 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W239598074 title "Death Squads as Parallel Forces: Uruguay, Operation Condor, and the United States" @default.
• W239598074 doi "https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim190140332" @default.
• W239598074 hasPublicationYear "2017" @default.
• W239598074 type Work @default.
• W239598074 sameAs 239598074 @default.
• W239598074 citedByCount "2" @default.
• W239598074 countsByYear W2395980742012 @default.
• W239598074 crossrefType "dataset" @default.
• W239598074 hasAuthorship W239598074A5082048434 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C11413529 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C121332964 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C163258240 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C169437150 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C203133693 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C2777367489 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C41008148 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C48103436 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C48327123 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C544040105 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C555826173 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C62520636 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C73484699 @default.
• W239598074 hasConcept C94625758 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C11413529 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C121332964 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C144024400 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C163258240 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C169437150 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C17744445 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C199539241 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C203133693 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C2777367489 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C41008148 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C48103436 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C48327123 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C544040105 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C555826173 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C62520636 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C73484699 @default.
• W239598074 hasConceptScore W239598074C94625758 @default.
• W239598074 hasLocation W2395980741 @default.
• W239598074 hasOpenAccess W239598074 @default.
• W239598074 hasPrimaryLocation W2395980741 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W1605530144 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W1605649058 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W167690914 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W1970247744 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2061879151 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2147239157 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2200426001 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2395238706 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2485788315 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2496100636 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2588144456 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W277166098 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2801450579 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2991795071 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2992938251 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W347172276 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W54154668 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W57030041 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2368664912 @default.
• W239598074 hasRelatedWork W2993101158 @default.
• W239598074 isParatext "false" @default.
• W239598074 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W239598074 magId "239598074" @default.
• W239598074 workType "dataset" @default.