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• W239609521 abstract "The nature/culture dichotomy finds uneasy meeting ground in garden. But particularly in settler cultures, the introduces other unresolved dichotomies: indigenous and imported; wild and domesticated; pests and pets; traditional myth and scientific rationality. This essay considers these issues by focussing on public debate over fruit bat colonies in Melbourne (Australia) Botanical Gardens. ********** Gardens and gardening have been and remain sites of radical ambivalence and contradiction. As Dorothy Jones expresses it, invite us to commune with while delighting in how human hands have guided and controlled (31). They represent an often troubled actual and symbolic meeting ground between what we have traditionally constructed as and its apparent antonym, nature. While both culture/nature dichotomy and its uncomfortable reconciliation in the are characteristic of a number of human societies, it is in West that paradoxes so generated are perhaps most evident. The Garden, original symbol of Paradise, is also symbol of Paradise lost; cast out of Eden, Adam and Eve must labour in wilderness to render it fruitful, converting an untamed into human cultural territory. Wilderness also derives its primary mythic meaning from an imaginative geography grounded in Middle Eastern cultures, and perhaps not surprisingly, has come to contain further symbolic and material complexities and contradictions consequent upon transplanting of Christianity to parts of where cultural history and geographical realities often collide with it. Such complex foundational yet unstable connotations of nature, culture, wilderness, and garden necessarily underpin more specific ambivalences and contradictions in attitudes toward land and landscape of British settler colony cultures. One of most obvious legacies of colonialism from fifteenth century onwards was increasing domination of rest of not only by European peoples, but by European epistemologies and ontologies. Europeans, through invasion and settlement in what Alfred Crosby terms the Neo-Europes, or as governing elites in, for instance, India and central Africa, drastically altered, albeit in a variety of very different ways and to varying degrees, landscapes of areas they settled or administered. The result was often destruction of age-old patterns of ecological accommodation between indigenous peoples, animals, and plants, or, at worst, entire annihilation of partners in these traditional exchanges. Introducing their own crops and livestock, and with ideas that increasingly stressed progress and development, Europeans attempted to recreate, in sometimes totally recalcitrant soil, agricultural and farming patterns of their homeland or enforced cash crop growing on local communities in place of indigenous crop rotation. Native animals, especially in neo-Europes, were increasingly displaced or hunted, sometimes to extinction, to provide land for sheep and cattle, wheat, corn, and barley. This re-creation (or attempted recreation) of European patterns of agriculture and/or an aesthetics of landscape was not always energized by simple survival or economic gain. Memories of and nostalgia for homescapes of the old country also provided a powerful impetus to alter new land rather than seek to know and understand it. In English settler colonies, gardens of all kinds still represented (and represent) a conjunction of nature (or, in Val Plumwood's useful designation, the more-than-human world [11]) and culture (predominantly human or human-wrought). But relationship between settler colony horticulture and agriculture and surrounding environment was also that between exotic and indigenous where exotic and indigenous sat in rather different relation from those they had established in Europe. …" @default.
• W239609521 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W239609521 date "2005-12-01" @default.
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• W239609521 title "Bats in the Gardens" @default.
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