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- W2398886375 abstract "Agency Intuitions in Physical Interactions Ralf Mayrhofer (rmayrho@uni-goettingen.de) Michael R. Waldmann (michael.waldmann@bio.uni-goettingen.de) Institute of Psychology, University of Gottingen, Gosslerstrase 14, 37073 Gottingen, Germany theories are capable of expressing abstract intuitions about mechanisms without requiring elaborate knowledge. Force dynamics has been initially been developed in lin- guistics in the context of verb semantics (see Riemer, 2010; Talmy, 1988) but uses concepts that can be traced back to Aristotle (see Gnassounou & Kistler, 2007). Aristotle ex- plained efficient causation as a consequence of the interac- tion of two entities, an agent and a patient. An agent is, according to Aristotle, a substance operating on another substance, the patient, which is suffering the process of change. The acting agent who affects the patient therefore has the disposition, capacity or power to act; and the patient has the disposition, capacity or power to undergo the agent’s action. In linguistic theories of verb semantics and argument structure verbs place constraints on the possible participants mentioned in the noun phrases. For example, in “Peter pushes Mary”, “push” has two arguments, one describing an agent (Peter), the other the patient (Mary). Typically, agents are assigned the syntactic subject position. Other participant roles (also called thematic or theta roles) have been postu- lated but there is no agreement in linguistics about the prop- er list (see Riemer, 2010, for an overview). Another im- portant semantic theory for a theory of causation is Talmy’s (1988) theory of force dynamics. He argues that intuitions about the interaction of forces are an important component of our general semantic intuitions. Using a force dynamics framework, White (e.g., 2006, 2009) demonstrated the difference between intuitive causal representations and physics by studying Michotte type launching events. In Michotte’s (1963) famous demonstra- tions of phenomenal causality, subjects observed moving objects. For example, in a launching scenario Object X, a ball, moves towards Object Y, another ball, and touches it. This stops Object X and sets Object Y into motion at the same or a slightly lesser speed. Observers typically describe this scenario as a case in which the movement of Object Y is caused by Object X (i.e., launching). Although according to Newtonian physics the force on body Y exerted by body X is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to that on body X exerted by body Y, observers often see Object X as the cause and Object Y as the effect (causal asymmetry). Nobody would describe the scenario as a case of Object Y stopping Object X, although this would be a legitimate de- scription. The impression of causal asymmetry is also reflected in judgments of force. White (2009) presented participants with different launching events, and asked them to provide estimates of the relevant underlying forces. The results Abstract The question how agent and patient roles are assigned to causal participants has largely been neglected in the psychological litera- ture on force dynamics. Based on the linguistic theory of Dowty (1991), we propose that agency is a prototype concept. We adapted Dowty’s theory to account for scenarios showing physical interac- tions. In the standard Michotte launching scenario the ball entering the scene is usually assigned the agent role, whereas the ball that is being launched is viewed as the patient. We showed in two exper- iments that agency intuitions were moderated by manipulations of the context prior to the launching event. Altering features such as relative movement, sequence of visibility, and self-propelled mo- tion tended to increase agency attributions to the patient relative to the standard scenario. We suspect that shifts in figure-ground perceptions, and intuitions about characteristics of interventions may be the overarching reason for the efficacy of the tested crite- ria. Keywords: force dynamics; causal reasoning; agency; Mi- chotte task; physical causality Introduction Currently there is a debate between two competing frame- works modeling causal reasoning. One prominent class is dependency theories, including covariation theories, coun- terfactual theories, and causal Bayes nets. The ontology expressed by these theories contains causal variables that either encode the presence or absence of events, facts, and properties, or different values of continuous quantities. These variables are interconnected by causal arrows that represent hidden mechanisms, and whose strength can be numerically expressed by causal strength parameters (see Waldmann & Hagmayer, in press, for an overview). A completely different view answers the question why an observed lawfulness holds by focusing on the participants involved in a causal relation, for example Ball A and Ball B in Michotte’s task, or Aspirin and a person with headache in a medical scenario. One variant of this view, dispositional theories of causation, would say, for example, that the in- gestion of Aspirin relieves headaches because Aspirin has an intrinsic property, a disposition (or capacity or power), to relieve headaches in suitable organisms (see, for example, Gnassounou & Kistler, 2007; Mumford & Anjum, 2011). In psychology force dynamics, an example of a disposi- tional account, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Pinker (2007) has argued that force dynamics is a major competitor of Bayes net theories because it allows us to model intuitions about the generative processes underly- ing observed covariations. One attractive feature of disposi- tional theories and force dynamics in particular is that these" @default.
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- W2398886375 title "Agency Intuitions in Physical Interactions" @default.
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