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• W2400509239 abstract "Sex Differences in the Discrimination of Non-Native Speech Sounds Vera Kempe (v.kempe@abertay.ac.uk) Division of Psychology, University of Abertay Dundee Dundee, DD1 1HG, United Kingdom John C. Thoresen (john.thoresen@epfl.ch) Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Patricia J. Brooks (patricia.brooks@csi.cuny.edu) Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island and the Graduate Center, City University of New York Staten Island, NY 10314, USA Abstract This study examined sex differences in the discrimination of minimal pairs of foreign language (non-native) tonemes. Adult native speakers of English (237 women and 177 men), with no prior exposure to a tonal language, performed an AX- task, which required them to discriminate between rising and falling-rising Norwegian tonemes. When controlling for nonverbal intelligence, prior exposure to foreign languages, and age, sensitivity measures (A’) showed a clear male advantage. Thus, the sex differences previously observed in non-linguistic temporal processing tasks appear to extend to the discrimination of unfamiliar non-native speech sounds. These sex differences in auditory processing may be due to anatomical differences between men and women in the ratio of white to grey matter in the left hemisphere, which, in turn, might affect speed of neural transmission. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate on cognitive effects of putative sex differences in intra- and inter-hemispheric connectivity. Keywords: non-native speech perception; tonal contrast; sex differences; adult L2 learning; auditory processing. Introduction Auditory processing of temporal sequences underlies the neural representation of speech and has been implicated in impairments in language development; e.g., dyslexia and Specific Language Impairment (Goswami et al., 2002; Talcott et al., 2000; Tallal, 1980). However, little is known about individual differences in auditory processing in the non-clinical adult population, and, specifically, individual differences in the ability of adults to discriminate the speech sounds of foreign (non-native) languages. Illuminating the basis of individual differences in non-native speech processing may help to explain some of the considerable variance in outcomes observed among adult foreign language (L2) learners (Johnson & Newport, 1989). So far, only a few studies have explored individual differences in the processing of non-native speech sounds (Bradlow, Pisoni, Akahane-Yamada, & Tohkura, 1997; Golestani & Zatorre, 2009). Thus, we know very little about which factors, besides age of first exposure (Flege, MacKay & Meador, 1999), make an adult more or less successful in processing non-native speech sounds. Research on temporal processing as a predictor of psychometric intelligence (Rammsayer & Brandler, 2007) and working memory capacity (Troche & Rammsayer, 2009) has revealed a sex difference, with men outperforming women in temporal order judgments (Szelag et al., 2011; Wittman & Szelag, 2003) and temporal discrimination tasks (Rammsayer & Troche, 2010). Factor- analytical approaches have traced the male advantage to a latent variable – temporal resolution power, which has been linked to neural oscillation rate determining speed and accuracy of neural transmission (Jensen, 1982). The male advantage is not confined to the auditory modality, however, but has also been observed for tactile temporal processing (Rostad, Mayer, Fung & Brown, 2007), suggesting that it affects general temporal processing in the sub-second range. In addition to sex differences in pure temporal information processing tasks, there is evidence for a male advantage in the discrimination of pitch contours of computer-generated waveforms, comprising a fundamental frequency and two formants, which were presented binaurally (McRoberts & Sanders, 1992). Pitch contour discrimination requires sensitivity to changes in pitch over time and therefore relies on temporal processing. Rapidly changing values of one or several acoustic parameters (e.g., formant transitions) play a crucial role in distinguishing different speech sounds—for example, notoriously difficult phonological contrasts like the dental-retroflex contrast (for English speakers) or the r/l contrast (for Japanese speakers) require sensitivity to rapid spectral changes. The present study therefore aims to examine whether a male advantage can also be found in the ability to discriminate natural non- native speech contrasts. Natural speech sounds differ from synthetic stimuli in their greater variability within speech sound categories and in the complexity of their acoustic characteristics. We chose to examine sensitivity to lexical tones as one example of such a non-native speech contrast. We used Norwegian tonemes as many dialects of Norwegian have a simple tonal system with pitch accents that distinguish otherwise homophonous bisyllabic words. Detecting these tonal contrasts requires tracking temporal changes in pitch" @default.
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• W2400509239 title "Sex Differences in the Discrimination of Non-Native Speech Sounds" @default.
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