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• W2400689057 abstract "© The National Medical Journal of India 2006 University of Sheffield, United Kingdom ANNA BARFORD, DANNY DORLING Correspondence to ANNA BARFORD; info@worldmapper.org Maps usually represent land area. When one thinks of the world, a picture resembling a land area map comes immediately to mind (see Map 1). Land area is undeniably important; its availability influences our ability to meet the basic needs, most importantly, of food and shelter. However, land area maps fail to inform us about many important aspects of our lives. For example, land area does not matter greatly with regard to issues such as degrees of health, wealth, violence, work and other aspects that enhance our understanding of how different parts of the world relate to one another. Cartography can depict territory in units other than square kilometres. Our website www.worldmapper.org provides a series of maps that cover many other important facets of human existence. In these maps, the size of each country has been changed to represent the variable that is being mapped, rather than the land area for that country. Thus, on the population map (see Map 2) India occupies an area roughly 10 times larger than Mexico, because the former has a population roughly 10 times larger than that of the latter. Similarly, because Bangladesh and Pakistan have similar populations, these countries are shown as having similar sizes. Such world maps enable the reader to compare and contrast various countries with reference to a range of variables. Changing the size of countries on a map is not a new idea. What is original in our maps is the algorithm used to create these. This algorithm, developed and adapted for this project by Mark Newman at the University of Michigan, USA, allows countries to be expanded and shrunk while preserving their boundary shapes and relative positions as far as is possible. This is crucial to the readability of our maps. The other noteworthy aspects of this algorithm are the quality of the cartograms created and the speed with which these are produced. Its speed has enabled us to undertake a large world mapping project which will result in 365 maps. The maps have several other features. Each country retains its colour on every map. Also, each of the 12 geographical regions of the world (poorest to richest: Central Africa, Southeastern Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Asia, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Eastern Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, North America, Western Europe and Japan) has been allocated a colour on a rainbow scale, with regions with the highest and lowest average human development indices being at opposite ends of this colour scale. This assists the reader in interpreting the relationship of the mapped variable with affluence; for example, the vast majority of deaths from malaria occur in the 3 poorest regions. Of course, there are large variations within each region, country and even town, are not captured by these maps. Our world maps show the proportion of the world total of each variable found in each country. Such mapping obviously requires good quality data from every country. Most of these have been sourced from United Nations agencies. However, wherever data are missing, estimates have been used. These estimates have some limitations. A pertinent example is that of data about refugees. During a war or natural disaster—major causes of displaced populations—disruption of the government often makes accurate recording of numbers difficult. We thus found that data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees lacked numbers for countries including Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia. In such situations, we have used the best estimates, arrived at by national governments, international agencies or, at times, by the team making a particular map. The 8 key Millennium Development Goals have acted as an impetus for constructing datasets with greater scope and accuracy. Such data are necessary to monitor in 2015 whether we have achieved those goals. In conjunction with Newman and Gastner’s algorithm, it is the availability of these data that have facilitated this mapping project. Three of the 8 goals are directly related to health: to reduce child mortality, to improve maternal health, and to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. During the year 2006 we will produce maps with focus on health, illness and mortality. These maps will cover the following subjects: numbers of midwives, nurses, pharmacists, dentists and physicians; health service quality, hospital beds, affordable drugs and condom availability; the prevalence of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, diarrhoea, trachoma, polio, influenza, yellow fever and diabetes; and life expectancy and child mortality. The other 5 Millennium Development Goals are more loosely related to health. Their focus on poverty, hunger, education, gender equality, environmental sustainability and ‘partnership for development’ all have bearings on the health of populations. Our maps also cover many topics related to these goals, under the categories of production, work, income, poverty, wealth, housing, education, pollution and depletion. A selection of these maps will be reprinted in the forthcoming issues of the Journal. All our maps are available for free at our website: www.worldmapper.org. Accompanying each map is a downloadable poster that can be printed in A4, A3 or any other size. In addition, technical notes about the poster and data are freely available, as are the data used to make the maps. The website also provides additional information and articles about the mapping project. We hope that these maps will prove useful to those working towards improving the health of human populations." @default.
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• W2400689057 date "2006-11-15" @default.
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• W2400689057 title "A new approach to mapping the world: visualizing facets of international health." @default.
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