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• W2401472224 endingPage "7618" @default.
• W2401472224 startingPage "7618" @default.
• W2401472224 abstract "Previous studies discovered cone phototransduction shutoff occurs normally for Arr1-/- and Arr4-/-; however, it is defective when both visual arrestins are simultaneously not expressed (Arr1-/-Arr4-/-). We investigated the roles of visual arrestins in an all-cone retina (Nrl-/-) since each arrestin has differential effects on visual function, including ARR1 for normal light adaptation, and ARR4 for normal contrast sensitivity and visual acuity.We examined Nrl-/-, Nrl-/-Arr1-/-, Nrl-/-Arr4-/-, and Nrl-/-Arr1-/-Arr4-/- mice with photopic electroretinography (ERG) to assess light adaptation and retinal responses, immunoblot and immunohistochemical localization analysis to measure retinal expression levels of M- and S-opsin, and optokinetic tracking (OKT) to measure the visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.Study results indicated that Nrl-/- and Nrl-/-Arr4-/- mice light adapted normally, while Nrl-/-Arr1-/- and Nrl-/-Arr1-/-Arr4-/- mice did not. Photopic ERG a-wave, b-wave, and flicker amplitudes followed a general pattern in which Nrl-/-Arr4-/- amplitudes were higher than the amplitudes of Nrl-/-, while the amplitudes of Nrl-/-Arr1-/- and Nrl-/-Arr1-/-Arr4-/- were lower. All three visual arrestin knockouts had faster implicit times than Nrl-/- mice. M-opsin expression is lower when ARR1 is not expressed, while S-opsin expression is lower when ARR4 is not expressed. Although M-opsin expression is mislocalized throughout the photoreceptor cells, S-opsin is confined to the outer segments in all genotypes. Contrast sensitivity is decreased when ARR4 is not expressed, while visual acuity was normal except in Nrl-/-Arr1-/-Arr4-/-.Based on the opposite visual phenotypes in an all-cone retina in the Nrl-/-Arr1-/- and Nrl-/-Arr4-/- mice, we conclude that ARR1 and ARR4 perform unique modulatory roles in cone photoreceptors." @default.
• W2401472224 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2401472224 date "2015-12-01" @default.
• W2401472224 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
• W2401472224 title "Arrestin 1 and Cone Arrestin 4 Have Unique Roles in Visual Function in an All-Cone Mouse Retina" @default.
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• W2401472224 doi "https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17832" @default.
• W2401472224 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4669854" @default.
• W2401472224 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26624493" @default.
• W2401472224 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.
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