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• W2401857557 abstract "A Window of Perception When Diverting Attention? Enhancing Recognition For Explicitly Presented, Unattended, and Irrelevant Visual Stimuli by Target Alignment Andrew D. Dewald (adewald@hawaii.edu) Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa 2530 Dole Street, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Scott Sinnett (ssinnett@hawaii.edu) Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa 2530 Dole Street, Honolulu, HI 96822 Abstract Irrelevant, but overtly presented, stimuli that are temporally aligned with an attended target in a separate task are later inhibited in a recognition task (Dewald, Doumas, & Sinnett, 2011). This is contrary to findings in the perceptual learning literature where facilitation has been observed for later recognition of irrelevant motion stimuli, albeit after extensive exposure rates. Here, we adapted previous work to include higher exposure rates, and subsequently observed a reversal in inhibition in favor of enhanced recognition performance. Participants responded to immediate picture repetitions in a stream of line drawings while ignoring simultaneously presented superimposed words. A surprise test measured recognition for the unattended words. Words that had previously appeared simultaneously with a repeated picture were recognized significantly more often than words that had appeared with non-repeating pictures. The findings suggest that the exposure rate and the quantity of irrelevant stimuli can have a significant impact on whether perception is inhibited or facilitated. Introduction Throughout the past decade, researchers have explored how information is processed when it is explicitly or implicitly presented, and the fate of this information when it receives or does not receive direct and focused attention (Dewald, Sinnett, & Doumas, 2011; Mack & Rock, 1998; Rees, Russell, Frith, & Driver, 1999, Seitz & Watanabe, 2003, 2005; Sinnett, Costa, & Soto-Faraco, 2006, Tsushima, Sasaki, & Watanabe, 2006; Tsushima, Seitz, & Watanabe, 2008, Swallow & Jiang, 2010). For instance, several investigations have shown significant perceptual learning enhancements in the absence of focused attention for stimuli that are, in fact, presented below the threshold for visual awareness (i.e., implicitly presented) (Seitz & Watanabe, 2003; 2005; Watanabe, Nanez, & Sasaki, 2001). More recently and contrary to these findings, Tsushima and colleagues (Tsushima et al., 2006; Tsushima et al., 2008) presented evidence suggesting that when the implicit stimulus is made explicit (i.e., observable), a later inhibition is observed. Thus, it would appear that facilitation or inhibition is dependent on whether or not stimulus presentation is sub- or suprathreshold. Furthermore, all of these investigations purport that a synchronous temporal relationship between the irrelevant stimulus (motion in these investigations) and a separate but attended target in the exposure stage is critical to observing these facilitatory or inhibitory effects in a later recognition task (i.e., the nonsynchronous condition is baseline). Demonstrating learning enhancements for irrelevant stimuli, Seitz and Watanabe (2003) had participants take part in a series of experiments in which improved motion perception for an irrelevant, subthreshold motion, was postulated to be due to the establishment of a temporal relationship between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimuli (Seitz & Watanabe, 2003; 2005, see also Watanabe et al., 2001 for a further example using a similar paradigm). Briefly, participants were required to identify a differently colored letter in a rapid serial visual presentation of letters. This primary task was superimposed over an irrelevant background motion stimulus that involved an array of moving dots, of which a small subset moved in coherence. Note that the coherently moving dots (5%) were implicit in nature, demonstrated by chance motion discrimination during pre-testing. While every letter was accompanied with an array of moving dots, the direction of the subthreshold coherent motion was always the same for the target letters of the primary task, while remaining random for non-target letters. The implicit motion synchronized with the presence of the task- target (the different colored letter) was later identified significantly more often than the other motions (i.e. those accompanying non-target letters) in a motion detection task (see, Seitz and Watanabe, 2003). It was hypothesized that when the irrelevant motion and task-target were presented simultaneously during exposure, the learning associated with attention being directed to the detection of the task-relevant features of the task-target would also be applied to the task-irrelevant stimulus of background motion, despite the motion being subthreshold and attention being explicitly directed towards the primary attention- demanding task. Further bolstering this account is the fact that significant improvements in the motion discrimination task were observed only for the motion direction that was paired with the presence of the task-target (i.e., simultaneously presented). However, it is important to recall that the irrelevant stimuli temporally aligned with the presence of the task-target were subthreshold in nature." @default.
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• W2401857557 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2401857557 title "A Window of Perception When Diverting Attention? Enhancing Recognition For Explicitly Presented, Unattended, and Irrelevant Visual Stimuli by Target Alignment." @default.
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