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• W2401970260 abstract "Human population is increasing at a rate of 1.8% per year and urbanization is a global trend. In 2005, there were 3.2 billion urban residents worldwide, representing 49% of the global population (UN 2006). The urban population is projected to increase to 4 billion in 2018 and to more than 5 billion in 2030 (UN 2006). However, in the developed regions 75% of the population lived in urban settlements in 2005. This proportion is expected to increase in Europe from 72% in 2005 to 78% in 2030 and in North America from 81% at present to 87% in 2030 (UN 2006). Urban areas cover only 2.4% on the terrestrial surface of Earth, but their average population density is 52 times that of rural areas (MA 2005). Except coastal areas and island states, the highest average urban population density was found along inland waters with 817 people per km (MA 2005). Indeed, most people believe that urban environmental conditions are deteriorating, and the condition of urban waters is high on their list of worries. Features of urbanization have been reviewed by Paul & Meyer (2001): impervious surface covers, alteration of drainage density and flow dynamics, decreasing groundwater renewing and sediment supply, and increases in surface runoff, water temperature, pollutants, and nutrients. The cumulative effect of various human activities in urban areas profoundly influence urban waters and their biota, either directly by channel modification and habitat degradation or indirectly by land use change and runoff (Booth et al. 2004). The percentage of impervious surface cover has been commonly suggested as the best single predictor of the response of stream biota to urbanization (e.g. Karr & Chu 2000, Allan 2004, Booth et al. 2004, Miltner et al. 2004). However, the threshold values for demonstrated significant biological degradations at the catchment level of 10–15% total impervious area are much below the commonly observed > 50% impervious cover in metropolitan areas at the regional level (Booth et al. 2004). Karr & Chu (2000) considered biological communities as irreparably damaged if the impervious cover within a watershed ranged between 25–60%. Urbanization is highly positively correlated with both the endangerment of native and the invasion of non-native fish within watersheds and thus, considered as major cause of biotic homogenization (Marchetti et al. 2006). Urbanization tends to favour the persistence of relatively few intolerant, generalist native species, the introduction and establishment of widespread non-natives, and the extinction and extirpation of specialized, intolerant native species (Marchetti et al. 2006)." @default.
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• W2401970260 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W2401970260 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2401970260 title "Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Urbanization's Impacts on Fish" @default.
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