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• W2403980909 abstract "INTRODUCTION Grand jury determinations that officers would face no charges in the shooting death of Michael Brown or in the choking death of Eric Gamer sparked controversy and riots. This is, of course, a challenge to the ability of the criminal justice system's ability to resolve society's most contentious issues. Highly contentious racial issues have long defied resolution through deliberative processes, (1) even though the law strives to achieve outcomes that will be viewed as legitimate. Poorly defined rules of criminal procedure, however, have contributed to judicial resolutions that the public finds unsatisfactory. Our constitutional scheme for regulating police--which traces its history to Prohibition--lacks anything approaching clarity on the appropriate use of force by officers. With no clear rules for officers to follow, or break, officers often find sympathetic jurors and grand jurors who find themselves unable to then convince the public that their view of reasonableness was anything other than bias. By contrast, the rules regulating searches and seizures of evidence are reasonably clear as a result of the exclusionary rule, which forbids the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial. The use of this rule as the primary means of governing police is an accident of history that has left searches far better regulated than police violence--a distinction that is hard to justify in light of its historical origin and the present need to have meaningful rules on the use of police force. I. THE RELATIVE UNDER-DETERRENCE OF UNLAWFUL POLICE VIOLENCE Rules of constitutional criminal procedure more clearly define when an officer may search a car trunk than when the officer may shoot a man dead. The exclusionary rule, which obviously deters only unlawful searches for physical evidence, has created opportunities for courts to frequently define when searches may be lawfully conducted. When courts identify unlawful searches, they impose minimal costs on society--prosecutors merely lose the evidence they would not have had but for the illegal search. (2) A rich body of law thus identifies lines that police may not cross in their search for evidence. No similar mechanism exists to permit judges to define the contours of the appropriate use of the state's legitimate monopoly on force. Unnecessary police killings may be deterred by internal department sanctions, state torts, civil rights actions, state homicide prosecutions, and federal civil rights prosecutions. (3) Each of these potential sanctions ultimately turns on some version of a reasonableness standard that provides little in the way of details about when police are allowed to use deadly force. (4) For all the possible penalties other than internal departmental sanctions, jurors or grand jurors must decide without the benefit of any sort of precedent. (5) Using these mechanisms, courts have done virtually nothing to define the contours of the reasonableness standard that governs official uses of force. (6) Further, courts have aggressively shielded officers from civil liability. (7) The bulk of claims against police officers for excessive force are litigated in federal civil rights actions. (8) Litigants must contend not only with a vague reasonableness standard when the case goes to a jury, but they must also overcome an officer's qualified immunity defense. (9) Qualified immunity is designed to ensure that police will not be over-deterred through the threat of a large jury verdict. (10) Courts ruling on this defense at the summary judgment phase have been very deferential to what courts frequently describe as the split-second decision to use force. (11) The vague reasonableness standard is thus only defined by courts in the context of the police-friendly qualified immunity context, which essentially leaves reasonableness to be defined by officers. (12) The absence of clarity is problematic for officers attempting to comply with the law and for those who must judge officers' conduct. …" @default.
• W2403980909 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2403980909 date "2015-09-22" @default.
• W2403980909 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2403980909 title "Prohibition’s Lingering Shadow: Under-Regulation of Official Uses of Force" @default.
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