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• W2404604400 abstract " Depression and anxiety are debilitating conditions that significantly reduce the quality of life for many people and their loved ones. Understanding the “internal world” of the sufferer is difficult for those who have not had direct experience. We examine the internal scripts that are a hallmark of these illnesses. Once triggered by external and internal events, what is the path, duration, and severity of resultant thoughts and emotions? These paths may be called thought streams. We are creating a simulator to better understand an abstracted version of these thought streams. Existing research has been done in modeling mental illness, for example connectionist or hybrid models of the neurobiological mechanism of illness. SAD (Stream of thought in Anxiety and Depression) is more closely related to earlier work on goal-oriented, normal day dreaming since it symbolically represents conscious aspects of thought. The difference is that SAD is intended to capture depressive or anxious thinking over time. Depression and anxiety are debilitating conditions that significantly reduce the quality of life for many people and their loved ones. Much work has been done to understand and treat these debilitating and sometimes lethal illnesses. But understanding the “internal world” of the sufferer is difficult for those who have not had direct experience. We examine the internal “scripts” that are a hallmark of these illnesses. In addition to major life events, like the death of a loved one, what triggers acute episodes? Once triggered by external and internal events, what are the path, duration, and severity of resultant thoughts and emotions? We call these paths “thought streams”. William James wrote that “Consciousness... does not appear to itself chopped up in bits...a “river” or “stream” are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described” (James 1890). In healthy, non-goal oriented thinking, the mind wanders from topic to topic, none of which generally leads to negative thought streams. Meditators sometimes refer to this as “monkey mind”, an analogy to monkeys jumping amongst trees. A goal in meditation is to try to quiet the mind and reduce this mental activity since it can increase ones’ stress level or lead to negative mental states. This mind-wandering is typically what we think of when  Copyright retained by the authors. someone asks “what are you thinking?” and you respond with “just wandering”. It is non-productive day-dreaming. Innocuous as this is in people not suffering from anxiety or depression, any given thought can act as a trigger for those that do. Our chosen method is to develop a software model that attempts to capture an abstracted form of these thought streams. We believe that finding a way to categorize the triggers and scripts into generalized patterns is more promising than attempting to focus on specific, individualized events. For example, receiving criticism at work is an abstraction of a number of detailed specific events that could occur. One of the challenges is to find the proper level of abstraction between the most specific experiences of an individual and ones so general to be of little value in understanding depression and anxiety. The primary purpose of this work is to better understand dysfunctional thinking and to predict how it influences future mood. At this point, we are not attempting to treat depression or anxiety or to directly assist mental health professionals in diagnosis or treatment. Our hope is that at some point the work could be of benefit to new mental health professionals by helping elucidate the internal state of patients. Conversely, these professionals and the patients they treat will be invaluable sources for additional knowledge acquisition and validation of the system. The Psychology of Depression and Anxiety models of negative emotion suggest that depression and anxiety are associated with different cognitive features. However, distinguishing anxious from depressive self-talk is difficult because of the overlap between anxiety and depression (Safren, et al. 2000). Minds are busy. The unfortunate part is that many of these thoughts are repetitive, and of those, many are negative. Much of the time we are not doing useful reasoning like planning, problem solving, or decision making. Some spend significant time (1) ruminating about the past, replaying feelings of grief, shame, or remorse and (2) worrying about the future, often about things we cannot control, like rain or unlikely events like a major earthquake in Texas. Why is it that in a healthy mind, we are able to “escape” these negative thoughts, rather than spiraling into repetition and increasingly negative thinking? Styron (1990) writes “depression is a disorder of mood, so mysteriously painful and elusive in the way it comes known to the self...as to verge close to being beyond description”. While the severely depressed individual might appear stuporous, turmoil of these negative thought spirals may be raging. The mind becomes obsessed with feelings of desperation. The desire to escape this torture leads some to attempt or complete suicide. Types of daydreams are directly related to depression. Several measures, e.g. the Beck Depression Inventory, are used to measure depression level. Depressed subjects’ daydreams included those that were “neurotic, anxious, dysphoric, and negative”, including mental agitation and distractibility, indecisiveness, personal devaluation, and fear of failure (Giambra and Traynor 1978). Modeling of Mental Illness architectures are frameworks used to design systems that emulate human reasoning. Examples are SOAR, ACT, ICARUS, and CLARION. These have been used to create artificial agents that can solve problems, either independently or in cooperation with humans. Increasingly, these architectures include support for modeling emotions. Work in cognitive modeling often focuses on goaldirected behavior (Mueller 1990). What if there is no real goal from which to begin inference? Instead, the initial trigger may be an external sense perception or a thought, brought to awareness through what feels like a mystery. Some work has been done in modeling mental illness. Of this work, the objective is often to assist mental health practitioners working with patients or to understand the neurobiological mechanism of illness through simulation. Webster and Banks (1989) use symbolic logic and chaotic dynamic systems theory to simulate manic-depressive illness. Most of the discussion focuses on Type II bipolar with its episodes of hypomania and mild to moderate depression. Their conclusions are “that manic-depression may represent a bifurcation from the chaotic dynamics of normal emotional lability to the pathological periodicity of affective illness”. Sun, Wilson, and Mathews (2011) used the CLARION Architecture to develop a simulation for addiction and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This system embeds models of these disorders within a comprehensive system that studies the interaction among cooperating sub-systems. It is largely based on Neural Networks and shows great promise for its intended purpose – better understanding the internal, hidden aspects of mind that lead to certain behaviors. Our work is more like the work on day dreaming (Mueller 1990) in the sense that we are trying to symbolically 1 Wikipedia contributors, Cognitive architecture, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_archit ecture&oldid=532671550 (accessed January 30, 2013). represent the evolution of conscious depressive and anxious thinking." @default.
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• W2404604400 title "A Model for Stream of Thought in Anxiety and Depression." @default.
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