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- W2404982924 abstract "The “4R” approach of using the right rate, right source, right timing, and right placement is an accepted framework for increasing crop N use efficiency. However, modifying only one 4R component does not consistently reduce nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Our objective was to determine if N fertilizer applied in three split applications (Sp), by itself or combined with changes in N source and rate, could improve N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N surplus (NS) and decrease N 2 O emissions. Over two corn ( Zea mays L.) growing seasons in Minnesota, N 2 O emissions ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 kg N ha −1 . None of the treatment combinations affected grain yield. Compared with urea applied in a single application at the recommended N rate, Sp by itself did not improve NRE or NS and did not decrease N 2 O. Combining Sp with urease and nitrification inhibitors and/or a 15% reduction in N rate increased NRE from 57 to >73% and decreased NS by >20 kg N ha −1 . The only treatment that decreased N 2 O (by 20–53%) was Sp combined with inhibitors and reduced N rate. Emissions of N 2 O were more strongly correlated with NS calculated from grain N uptake ( R 2 = 0.61) compared with whole‐plant N uptake ( r 2 = 0.39), possibly because most N losses occurred before grain filling. Optimizing both application timing and N source can allow for a moderate reduction in N rate that does not affect grain yield but decreases N 2 O. Grain‐based NS may be a more useful indicator of N 2 O emissions than whole‐plant‐based NS. Core Ideas Split application by itself did not decrease N 2 O compared with single application. Microbial inhibitors did not decrease N 2 O unless combined with reduced N rate. Some treatments increased N recovery efficiency but did not reduce N 2 O. N 2 O was more strongly related to N surplus on a grain‐ compared with whole‐plant basis. Strategies that modify more than one 4R component may be needed to reduce direct N 2 O." @default.
- W2404982924 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2404982924 date "2016-07-01" @default.
- W2404982924 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W2404982924 title "Evaluation of Intensive “4R” Strategies for Decreasing Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Nitrogen Surplus in Rainfed Corn" @default.
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- W2404982924 doi "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.01.0024" @default.
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