FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2405993703> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2405993703 endingPage "1518" @default.
• W2405993703 startingPage "1511" @default.
• W2405993703 abstract "Decreased brain content of DHA, the most abundant long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) in the brain, is accompanied by severe neurosensorial impairments linked to impaired neurotransmission and impaired brain glucose utilization. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing n-3 LCPUFA intake at an early age may help to prevent or correct the glucose hypometabolism observed during aging and age-related cognitive decline. The effects of 12 months' supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA on brain glucose utilization assessed by positron emission tomography was tested in young adult mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Cognitive function was tested in parallel in the same animals. Lemurs supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA had higher brain glucose uptake and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose compared with controls in all brain regions. The n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented animals also had higher exploratory activity in an open-field task and lower evidence of anxiety in the Barnes maze.jlr Our results demonstrate for the first time in a nonhuman primate that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation increases brain glucose uptake and metabolism and concomitantly reduces anxiety. Decreased brain content of DHA, the most abundant long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) in the brain, is accompanied by severe neurosensorial impairments linked to impaired neurotransmission and impaired brain glucose utilization. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing n-3 LCPUFA intake at an early age may help to prevent or correct the glucose hypometabolism observed during aging and age-related cognitive decline. The effects of 12 months' supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA on brain glucose utilization assessed by positron emission tomography was tested in young adult mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Cognitive function was tested in parallel in the same animals. Lemurs supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA had higher brain glucose uptake and cerebral metabolic rate of glucose compared with controls in all brain regions. The n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented animals also had higher exploratory activity in an open-field task and lower evidence of anxiety in the Barnes maze.jlr Our results demonstrate for the first time in a nonhuman primate that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation increases brain glucose uptake and metabolism and concomitantly reduces anxiety. Brain cell membranes of vertebrates have high concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) of the n-3 and n-6 series, mainly DHA (22:6 n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n-6) (1.Alessandri J-M. Guesnet P. Vancassel S. Astorg P. Denis I. Langelier B. Aïd S. Poumès-Ballihaut C. Champeil-Potokar G. Lavialle M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system: evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life.Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2004; 44: 509-538Crossref PubMed Scopus (233) Google Scholar). The accretion of DHA during perinatal development is considered to be essential for the proper functioning of the mammalian central nervous system, especially in primates. The functional role of DHA has been mainly investigated in animal models, mainly rodents, deprived of any dietary source of n-3 PUFAs during perinatal development. Dietary deficiency of n-3 PUFAs leads to decreased brain content of DHA, which is accompanied by severe neurosensorial impairments (learning, memory, and anxiety) that have been linked to changes in neurotransmission processes (2.Chalon S. Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2006; 75: 259-269Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (343) Google Scholar). Neurotransmission is very energy consuming, particularly the restoration of membrane potential by Na-K-ATPase after an action potential, which consumes about 50% of brain ATP (3.Leybaert L. De Bock M. Van Moorhem M. Decrock E. De Vuyst E. Neurobarrier coupling in the brain: adjusting glucose entry with demand.J. Neurosci. Res. 2007; 85: 3213-3220Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). Thus, impairment of neurotransmission in animals fed an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet could be due in part to suboptimal brain energy metabolism. Early work relating n-3 PUFAs and brain energy metabolism came from studies by Bourre's group (4.Gerbi A. Zerouga M. Debray M. Durand G. Chanez C. Bourre J.M. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on functional characteristic of Na+/K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes in whole brain membranes of weaned rats.Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1993; 1165: 291-298Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar), which demonstrated that activity of brain Na-K-ATPase was 40% lower in nerve terminals of rats made deficient in n-3 PUFAs. This change paralleled significantly lower performance on learning tasks. Later on, Ximenes and colleagues (5.Ximenes da Silva A. Lavialle F. Gendrot G. Guesnet P. Alessandri J-M. Lavialle M. Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.J. Neurochem. 2002; 81: 1328-1337Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar) demonstrated that animals fed an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet exhibited 50% lower glucose utilization in cerebral cortex and hippocampus by using autoradiographic 2-deoxyglucose method, and 25–30% lower rate of oxidative phosphorylation by measuring cytochrome oxidase activity (5.Ximenes da Silva A. Lavialle F. Gendrot G. Guesnet P. Alessandri J-M. Lavialle M. Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.J. Neurochem. 2002; 81: 1328-1337Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar). In a recent study, we confirmed that rats on an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet exhibited lower brain uptake of glucose (6.Hennebelle M. Harbeby E. Tremblay S. Chouinard-Watkins R. Pifferi F. Plourde M. Guesnet P. Cunnane S.C. Challenges to determining whether DHA can protect against age-related cognitive decline.Clin. Lipidol. 2015; 10: 91-102Crossref Scopus (10) Google Scholar). Such a decrease can, at least partly, explain the behavioral changes observed during n-3 PUFA deficiency. Brain glucose hypometabolism can occur in healthy older people in the absence of any measurable cognitive decline (7.Nugent S. Tremblay S. Chen K.W. Ayutyanont N. Roontiva A. Castellano C-A. Fortier M. Roy M. Courchesne-Loyer A. Bocti C. et al.Brain glucose and acetoacetate metabolism: a comparison of young and older adults.Neurobiol. Aging. 2014; 35: 1386-1395Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar). This brain glucose hypometabolism seems to be more marked during age-related cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer disease (AD) (8.Kalpouzos G. Eustache F. de la Sayette V. Viader F. Chételat G. Desgranges B. Working memory and FDG-PET dissociate early and late onset Alzheimer disease patients.J. Neurol. 2005; 252: 548-558Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar), and there is a positive association between glucose hypometabolism and cognitive decline during mild cognitive impairment or in AD patients (9.Landau S.M. Harvey D. Madison C.M. Koeppe R.A. Reiman E.M. Foster N.L. Weiner M.W. Jagust W.J. Associations between cognitive, functional, and FDG-PET measures of decline in AD and MCI.Neurobiol. Aging. 2011; 32: 1207-1218Crossref PubMed Scopus (507) Google Scholar, 10.Habeck C. Risacher S. Lee G.J. Glymour M.M. Mormino E. Mukherjee S. Kim S. Nho K. DeCarli C. Saykin A.J. et al.Relationship between baseline brain metabolism measured using [18F]FDG PET and memory and executive function in prodromal and early Alzheimer's disease.Brain Imaging Behav. 2012; 6: 568-583Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar). Brain glucose uptake is highly dependent on glucose transporter (GLUT) activity and especially GLUT1, which is localized in both endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier and astrocytes. Interestingly, n-3 PUFA-deficient rats have lower expression of GLUT1 at both the gene and protein levels (11.Harbeby E. Jouin M. Alessandri J-M. Lallemand M-S. Linard A. Lavialle M. Huertas A. Cunnane S.C. Guesnet P. n-3 PUFA status affects expression of genes involved in neuroenergetics differently in the fronto-parietal cortex compared to the CA1 area of the hippocampus: effect of rest and neuronal activation in the rat.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2012; 86: 211-220Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar, 12.Pifferi F. Roux F. Langelier B. Alessandri J-M. Vancassel S. Jouin M. Lavialle M. Guesnet P. (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency reduces the expression of both isoforms of the brain glucose transporter GLUT1 in rats.J. Nutr. 2005; 135: 2241-2246Crossref PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar). The effect was specific to this GLUT because no change in neuronal GLUT3 expression was observed. Altogether, these results suggest an important role of n-3 PUFAs in the regulation of brain glucose metabolism, in part due to the regulation of the endothelial and astroglial GLUT1. Interestingly, in vitro studies on rat brain endothelial cells depleted of DHA show that subsequent addition of DHA to the culture medium increased both glucose transport activity by 35% and GLUT1 density (13.Pifferi F. Jouin M. Alessandri J-M. Roux F. Perrière N. Langelier B. Lavialle M. Cunnane S. Guesnet P. n-3 long-chain fatty acids and regulation of glucose transport in two models of rat brain endothelial cells.Neurochem. Int. 2010; 56: 703-710Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 14.Pifferi F. Jouin M. Alessandri J.M. Haedke U. Roux F. Perrière N. Denis I. Lavialle M. Guesnet P. n-3 Fatty acids modulate brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2007; 77: 279-286Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar). Modulating DHA dietary intake may therefore help prevent or correct the glucose hypometabolism observed during age-related cognitive decline (15.Freemantle E. Vandal M. Tremblay-Mercier J. Tremblay S. Blachère J-C. Bégin M.E. Brenna J.T. Windust A. Cunnane S.C. Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2006; 75: 213-220Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar). In vivo PUFA supplementation studies confirmed the possible relation between ω3 PUFA and expression of brain energy metabolism genes including cytochrome-C oxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, and ATP synthetase (16.Kitajka K. Puskás L.G. Zvara A. Hackler L. Barceló-Coblijn G. Yeo Y.K. Farkas T. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain: modulation of rat brain gene expression by dietary n-3 fatty acids.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002; 99: 2619-2624Crossref PubMed Scopus (277) Google Scholar). In 2000, Tsukada and colleagues (17.Tsukada H. Kakiuchi T. Fukumoto D. Nishiyama S. Koga K. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves the age-related impairment of the coupling mechanism between neuronal activation and functional cerebral blood flow response: a PET study in conscious monkeys.Brain Res. 2000; 862: 180-186Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar) demonstrated that supplementing aged monkeys with DHA for 1 to 4 weeks (a very short-term dietary supplementation) led to increased regional cerebral blood flow, a parameter closely linked to neuronal activation. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that a dietary source of n-3 LCPUFAs containing DHA will improve cognitive performance by enhancing brain glucose utilization, which we tested in nonhuman primates. The gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) is a nocturnal prosimian primate originating from Madagascar with a life expectancy of 8–10 years. It presents specific characteristics that make it a good model to evaluate the effects of long-term dietary treatments on behavioral and cognitive parameters in primates. In particular, it is small (80–120 g), it is omnivorous, and its behavioral and cognitive performances can be assessed with specific tasks developed and adapted in our laboratory (18.Languille S. Blanc S. Blin O. Canale C.I. Dal-Pan A. Devau G. Dhenain M. Dorieux O. Epelbaum J. Gomez D. et al.The grey mouse lemur: a non-human primate model for ageing studies.Ageing Res. Rev. 2012; 11: 150-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). There is particular interest in determining whether dietary PUFAs affect brain functions in adults, inasmuch as the mean dietary intakes of n-3 LCPUFAs in adults are below the levels of recommendation in developed countries (19.Astorg P. Arnault N. Czernichow S. Noisette N. Galan P. Hercberg S. Dietary intakes and food sources of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in French adult men and women.Lipids. 2004; 39: 527-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar). We recently reported the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for 5 months on behavioral, cognitive, and locomotor performance in adult and aged gray mouse lemurs (20.Languille S. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on the exploratory activity, emotional status and spatial memory of the aged mouse lemur, a non-human primate.Behav. Brain Res. 2012; 235: 280-286Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar, 21.Vinot N. Jouin M. Lhomme-Duchadeuil A. Guesnet P. Alessandri J-M. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil lower anxiety, improve cognitive functions and reduce spontaneous locomotor activity in a non-human primate.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e20491Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). We showed for the first time in a nonhuman primate species that n-3 PUFA supplementation decreased anxiety and spontaneous locomotor activity and concomitantly improved cognitive performance. The n-3 PUFA-supplemented diet initiated later in life specifically modified the exploratory behavior without improving the spatial memory of these aged lemurs. The very limited effect of long-term ω3 PUFA supplementation in aged animals (20.Languille S. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on the exploratory activity, emotional status and spatial memory of the aged mouse lemur, a non-human primate.Behav. Brain Res. 2012; 235: 280-286Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar) on behavior and cognitive performances drove us to intervene at an earlier age in the present study. We focused on young adult mouse lemurs given a level of n-3 LCPUFAs corresponding to the recommendation for the French adult population (22.Martin A. Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population fran'aise.3rd edition. Editions Tec &, Paris2001Google Scholar). In the present study, we compared the effects of a 12-month supplementation with n-3 LCPUFAs or with monounsaturated fatty acids (isocaloric control diet) on brain glucose metabolism assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In parallel, we used a spatial memory task (adapted from the rodent Barnes maze) to assess spatial reference memory and an open-field task to assess exploratory behavior and anxiety, both of which we have already extensively validated in gray mouse lemurs (18.Languille S. Blanc S. Blin O. Canale C.I. Dal-Pan A. Devau G. Dhenain M. Dorieux O. Epelbaum J. Gomez D. et al.The grey mouse lemur: a non-human primate model for ageing studies.Ageing Res. Rev. 2012; 11: 150-162Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 20.Languille S. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on the exploratory activity, emotional status and spatial memory of the aged mouse lemur, a non-human primate.Behav. Brain Res. 2012; 235: 280-286Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar, 21.Vinot N. Jouin M. Lhomme-Duchadeuil A. Guesnet P. Alessandri J-M. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil lower anxiety, improve cognitive functions and reduce spontaneous locomotor activity in a non-human primate.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e20491Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). All experiments were performed in accordance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care (National Institutes of Health publication 86-23, revised 1985) and the European Communities Council Directive (86/609/EEC). The Research was conducted under the authorization number 91–305 from the “Direction Départementale des Services Vétérinaires de l'Essonne” and the Internal Review Board of the UMR 7179. All the experiments were done under personal license (authorization number 91–460, issued June 5, 2009) delivered by the Ministry of Education and Science. All efforts were made to minimize nociception. Reporting of the experiments is following the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines. Twelve young adult male gray mouse lemurs (M. murinus, Cheirogaleidae, Primates) were included at the age of 23 ± 4 months. Animals were raised on fresh fruit and a mixture of cereals, milk, and egg prepared daily in the lab. Water and food were given ad libitum. Animals were randomly assigned to each experimental group (n = 6/group) and maintained in individual cages during the supplementation period. The n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented group received the home-made food supplemented with tuna oil (Polaris, Pleuven, France) rich in n-3 LCPUFAs, while the control group received the food isoenergetically supplemented with the same volume of olive oil (<1% n-3 PUFAs under the form of short-chain α-linolenic acid) (Table 1). Both groups were supplemented for 12 months. In the n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented group, the intake of EPA (20:5 n-3) and DHA (22:6 n-3) represented ∼0.06% and 0.3% of total energy, respectively, which is equivalent to the highest level of consumption of French coastal populations (23.Bemrah N. Sirot V. Leblanc J-C. Volatier J-L. Fish and seafood consumption and omega 3 intake in French coastal populations: CALIPSO survey.Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12: 599-608Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar) and corresponds to the recommended daily intake of EPA and DHA for the French population (22.Martin A. Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population fran'aise.3rd edition. Editions Tec &, Paris2001Google Scholar). These proportions correspond to a daily intake of about 6 mg EPA and 30 mg DHA per animal. Experiments were performed the last 2 weeks of the final month of supplementation, starting with 1 week of cognitive testing. Blood sampling, PET, and MRI experiments were performed during the second week. Body weights were measured throughout the study and were not significantly affected by dietary treatments.TABLE 1.Fatty acid composition of olive oil (control group) and fish oil (n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented animals) composing the dietsOlive OilFish OilFatty acidsg/100 g14:0—3.916:011.318.718:02.04.8Σ Saturated13.330.016:1 n-71.35.418:1 n-971.314.518:1 n-7—2.420:1 n-9—1.7Σ Monounsaturated72.626.518:2 n-69.81.720:4 n-6a20:4 n-6, AA.—2.022:5 n-6—1.5Σ n-6 Polyunsaturated9.85.818:3 n-30.80.618:4 n-3—1.220:5 n-3b20:5 n-3, EPA.—8.322:5 n-3—1.322:6 n-3c22:6 n-3, DHA.—25.8Σ ω3 Polyunsaturated0.837.7Minor fatty acids (excluding 18:3 n-3) are not reported because they represented <1% of total fatty acids.a 20:4 n-6, AA.b 20:5 n-3, EPA.c 22:6 n-3, DHA. Open table in a new tab Minor fatty acids (excluding 18:3 n-3) are not reported because they represented <1% of total fatty acids. Blood was collected on heparin and centrifuged, and plasma was stored at −80°C until analysis. Total lipids were extracted from plasma with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) using the method of Folch (24.Folch J. Lees M. Sloane Stanley G.H. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.J. Biol. Chem. 1957; 226: 497-509Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Total plasma phospholipids were isolated by solid phase liquid chromatography on silica cartridges; sequential elution was made with chloroform and then methanol, which contained the phospholipid fraction. All eluents were dried under nitrogen, and the phospholipid fractions were transmethylated with 10% boron trifluoride (Fluka, Sokolab) at 90°C for 20 min. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (25.Guesnet P. Antoine J.M. Rochette de Lempdes J.B. Galent A. Durand G. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of human milk in France: changes during the course of lactation and regional differences.Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993; 47: 700-710PubMed Google Scholar); the fatty acid composition is expressed as a weight percentage (g/100 g of total fatty acids). The circular platform task apparatus was an adaptation for mouse lemurs of the device described by Barnes (21.Vinot N. Jouin M. Lhomme-Duchadeuil A. Guesnet P. Alessandri J-M. Aujard F. Pifferi F. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil lower anxiety, improve cognitive functions and reduce spontaneous locomotor activity in a non-human primate.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e20491Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). It consisted of a white circular platform (diameter, 100 cm) with 12 equally spaced circular holes (each 5 cm in diameter) located 3 cm from the perimeter. The platform could be rotated. The maze platform was placed 60 cm above the floor, and a cardboard nest box (10 cm × 10 cm × 20 cm) could be inserted and removed beneath each hole and served as a refuge (goal box). A black, small plywood box could be slid beneath the nongoal holes to stop the lemurs from jumping through these holes while still permitting head entering. To prevent the mouse lemur from escaping, the platform was entirely surrounded with a white wall 25 cm high and covered with a transparent Plexiglas® ceiling that permitted the mouse lemurs to see the extramaze visual cues. The apparatus was surrounded by a black curtain hung from a square metallic frame (length of the side, 120 cm) located 110 cm above the floor. The center of the frame was a one-way mirror to allow observation. Attached beneath the one-way mirror and along the perimeter of the maze (about 50 cm above the platform) were 24 evenly spaced 2 W lights, illuminating the maze. Between the one-way mirror and the upper edge of the wall, various objects were attached along the inner surface of the curtain to serve as visual cues. The starting box was an open-ended dark cylinder positioned in the center of the platform. Transparent radial Plexiglas partitions (25 cm high × 20 cm long) were placed between the holes to prevent the strategy used by some mouse lemurs to go directly to the periphery of the platform and then walk along the wall and inspect each hole one by one. Consequently, animals had to return to the center of the platform after each hole inspection. Animals were given one session of habituation and training (day 1) and one session of testing (day 2). Each session included four trials, each of which began with placement of the animal inside the starting box. After 30 s, the box was lifted to release the animal. For the lemurs, the objective was to reach the goal box positioned beneath one of the 12 holes, the position of which was kept constant relative to the cues for all trials. When the animal entered the goal box, the trial was stopped, and the animal was allowed to remain in the goal box for 3 min. After each trial, the platform was cleaned and randomly rotated on its central axis to avoid the use of intramaze cues, although the position of the goal box was kept constant relative to the cues. On day 1, trials 1 and 2 consisted of placing the animal in a four-walled chamber containing only the opened goal hole (one-choice test). For trials 3 and 4, the platform comprised six evenly spaced open holes (six-choices test). These two trials permitted the animal to explore the maze, observe the visual cues, and further learn the position of the goal box. On day 2 (testing day), 12 holes were opened during the four trials. Performance was assessed based on the time required for the animal to reach the right exit (expressed in seconds) and the number of errors and visits prior to reaching the goal box. For each group, the rate of success was also defined as the ratio of successful trials to the total number of trials during the testing day, expressed in percent. This system was an open-field consisting of bright and opaque Plexiglas® walls (100 × 100 × 20 cm) and covered with a transparent Plexiglas® ceiling. Four white lights of 15 W were placed at each corner of the system. The open-field session was recorded by camera, and the data were analyzed after the session, which rendered unnecessary the presence of an observer in the room during the test. The mouse lemurs were placed in the open-field for free exploration for 30 min. At the end of the session, the nest box of the mouse lemur was placed in a corner of the open field (the same corner for all animals) to allow it to return to the nest box with minimal stress. Because of persistent immobility, peripheral tracking and limited exploration are index of stress and anxiety in mouse lemurs when placed in a novel environment. We determined three parameters reflecting the degree of anxiety for each animal: total distance traveled during the test (expressed in centimeters), activity duration during the test (expressed in seconds), and number of crossings of the central zone. For MRI, PET, and autoradiography studies, anesthesia was prepared with subcutaneous injection of 0.25 ml atropine (0.025 mg/1 ml) 20 min before induction with isoflurane 5%; anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 1–2%. Images were recorded on a MicroPET® Focus 220 system (resolution 474 × 474 × 796 µm, 60 min), the time framing in seconds was 15 × 2, 6 × 5, 3 × 10, 2 × 15, 3 × 20, 4 × 30, 5 × 120, 3 × 300, 3 × 600. Images were rebuilt with OMSED algorithm, and a 15 min scan transmission with 68 Ga was performed. Brain and liver were within the field of view. Animals were fasted 24 h before the PET but had free access to water. Animals were anesthetized, and respiratory rate and temperature were monitored. Body temperature was monitored rectally and maintained at 36°C using a thermostatically controlled heating pad. A venous catheter (DB Neoflon™ 26G) was inserted into the small saphenous vein after shaving the hind leg. Glycaemia measures were taken after catheter installation and at the end of the PET scan. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG; dose 9 µCi/g) was injected at the exact start of the PET scan. Whole blood radioactivity was measured at the end of the scan. MR images were recorded for all the animals involved in the study. The main purpose of these images was to provide anatomical landmarks to define volumes of interest (VOIs) in PET images. Brain images were acquired for 32 min on a 7 Tesla spectrometer (Varian) with a surface probe (RapidBiomed, Germany). 2D spin echo images were recorded with an in-plane resolution of 230 µm and slice thickness of 230 µm [repetition time/echo time (TR/TE) = 10,000/17, 4 ms; rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE)-factor = 4 = field of view 29.44 × 29.44 mm3]. The recorded images were then interpolated in the K space (“zerofilling”) to provide an in-plane apparent resolution of 115 µm. The acquisition sequence used yielded optimal visual contrast between brain structures and in the cerebrospinal fluid (26.Dhenain M. Michot J.L. Volk A. Picq J.L. Boller F. T2-weighted MRI studies of mouse lemurs: a primate model of brain aging.Neurobiol. Aging. 1997; 18: 517-521Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar) (cerebrospinal fluid appears hyperintense on T2-weighted images). Animals were anesthetized during the exams, and respiratory rate and temperature were monitored. MRI and PET images were analyzed with BrainVISA®, Anatomist® (http://brainvisa.info/), and PMOD 3.3 softwares (PMOD Technologies Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland). Brain FDG PET image were analyzed by both semiquantitative [standard uptake values (SUVs)] and quantitative [cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRglu)] techniques. For each animal, VOIs were manually segmented using MRI images. In these VOIs, the PET signal (CPET) was calculated (Bq/cc = Bq/ml) on dynamic images and on sum images of the last 30 min and then converted into SUV [SUV = CPET/(injected dose/body mass)]. SUV data were expressed in g/ml. CMRglu (µmol/min/100 g) were calculated using Patlak graphical analysis method (27.Patlak C.S. Blasberg R.G. Fenstermacher J.D. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1983; 3: 1-7Crossref PubMed Scopus (2364) Google Scholar). The Patlak graphical analysis was performed with the arterial blood time-activity curve (TAC) from the brain. As previously reported by Tantawy and Peterson (28.Tantawy M.N. Peterson T.E. Simplified [18F]FDG image-derived input function using the left ventricle, liver, and one venous blood sample.Mol. Imaging. 2010; 9: 76-86Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), an image-derived input function was determined from the liver TAC. A lumped constant of 0.344 and an estimated cerebral blood volume of 5% were used (29.Kennedy C. Sakurada O. Shinohara M. Jehle J. Sokoloff L. Local cerebral glucose utilization in the normal conscious macaque monkey.Ann. Neurol. 1978; 4: 293-301Crossref PubMed Scopus (191) Google Scholar, 30.Noda A. Takamatsu H. Minoshima S. Tsukada H. Nishimura S. Determination of kinetic rate constants for 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose and partition coefficient of water in conscious macaques and alterations in aging or anesthesia examined on parametric images with an anatomic standardization technique.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2003; 23: 1441-1447Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar). All results are reported as mean ± SEM. A Student's t-test was used to compare the following parameters between the control and n-3 LCPUFA-supplemented groups: fatty acid content (lipids analysis), percent of successful trials, number of errors, latency in the Barnes maze, and total distance in open field. The effect of treatments on SUV data was compared using a two" @default.
• W2405993703 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5003701057 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5003739510 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5004774021 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5017135023 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5019291640 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5024687365 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5026717739 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5034263469 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5062439140 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5066399317 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5071545099 @default.
• W2405993703 creator A5088681787 @default.
• W2405993703 date "2015-08-01" @default.
• W2405993703 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2405993703 title "Long-chain n-3 PUFAs from fish oil enhance resting state brain glucose utilization and reduce anxiety in an adult nonhuman primate, the grey mouse lemur" @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1531083788 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1580807628 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1969440422 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1978919116 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1986254470 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1992672126 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W1993937571 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2005488438 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2007632406 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2013209686 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2018883062 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2019054752 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2020062055 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2021044023 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2035617190 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2037262653 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2041021236 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2046723869 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2050791118 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2053503760 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2054485086 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2055415530 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2065951338 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2072498679 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2081835877 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2092078486 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2100279614 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2102053893 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2102876510 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2107483729 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2108479409 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2111741044 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2114628261 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2117788314 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2143022602 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2155277084 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2165556954 @default.
• W2405993703 cites W2168526937 @default.
• W2405993703 doi "https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m058933" @default.
• W2405993703 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4513992" @default.
• W2405993703 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26063461" @default.
• W2405993703 hasPublicationYear "2015" @default.
• W2405993703 type Work @default.
• W2405993703 sameAs 2405993703 @default.
• W2405993703 citedByCount "23" @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032015 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032016 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032017 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032018 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032019 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032020 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032021 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032022 @default.
• W2405993703 countsByYear W24059937032023 @default.
• W2405993703 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5003701057 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5003739510 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5004774021 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5017135023 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5019291640 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5024687365 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5026717739 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5034263469 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5062439140 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5066399317 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5071545099 @default.
• W2405993703 hasAuthorship W2405993703A5088681787 @default.
• W2405993703 hasBestOaLocation W24059937031 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C118552586 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C123665754 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C126838900 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C143409427 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C15744967 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C169760540 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C2778013878 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C2779946292 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C2780509455 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C2781192897 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C2909208804 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C3018809729 @default.
• W2405993703 hasConcept C505870484 @default.

• next