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• W2406150007 abstract "The iterations of the SAPIEN prosthesis might impact the incidence and grade of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of iterations of balloon-expandable valves (SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3) and degree of aortic valve calcification (AVC) on the severity of PVR after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Comprehensive echocardiographic examinations and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) were performed in 272 patients (127 men, 81 ± 7 years old, logistic EuroScore of 21 ± 13%) who underwent TAVI with 23- and 26-mm balloon-expandable valves. The degree of AVC was assessed with MDCT. PVR grade was assessed with echocardiography. The cover index was calculated as (prosthesis area − MDCT annulus area)/prosthesis area. SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3 prostheses were implanted in 103 patients (38%), 105 patients (38.5%), and 64 patients (23.5%), respectively. Significant PVR (≥moderate) occurred in 14%, 10%, and 0% of patients receiving the SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3, respectively (p = 0.010). Across the groups, the aortic annulus size, degree of calcification, and cover index were comparable. Larger burden of AVC was independently associated with significant PVR (odds ratio 3.48, p = 0.006) after adjusting for age, body surface area, gender, aortic annulus area, cover index, and prosthesis iteration. SAPIEN 3 was associated with lower frequency of significant PVR (odds ratio 0.31, p = 0.002). In conclusion, the incidence of significant PVR significantly decreased over time with improvement in valve design. SAPIEN 3 was associated with less significant PVR after TAVI independently of the AVC burden. The iterations of the SAPIEN prosthesis might impact the incidence and grade of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of iterations of balloon-expandable valves (SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3) and degree of aortic valve calcification (AVC) on the severity of PVR after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Comprehensive echocardiographic examinations and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) were performed in 272 patients (127 men, 81 ± 7 years old, logistic EuroScore of 21 ± 13%) who underwent TAVI with 23- and 26-mm balloon-expandable valves. The degree of AVC was assessed with MDCT. PVR grade was assessed with echocardiography. The cover index was calculated as (prosthesis area − MDCT annulus area)/prosthesis area. SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3 prostheses were implanted in 103 patients (38%), 105 patients (38.5%), and 64 patients (23.5%), respectively. Significant PVR (≥moderate) occurred in 14%, 10%, and 0% of patients receiving the SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3, respectively (p = 0.010). Across the groups, the aortic annulus size, degree of calcification, and cover index were comparable. Larger burden of AVC was independently associated with significant PVR (odds ratio 3.48, p = 0.006) after adjusting for age, body surface area, gender, aortic annulus area, cover index, and prosthesis iteration. SAPIEN 3 was associated with lower frequency of significant PVR (odds ratio 0.31, p = 0.002). In conclusion, the incidence of significant PVR significantly decreased over time with improvement in valve design. SAPIEN 3 was associated with less significant PVR after TAVI independently of the AVC burden. The SAPIEN 3 THV (S3-THV; Edwards Lifesciences Inc, Irvine, California) is the newest generation of balloon-expandable bioprosthetic aortic valve, which received US Food and Drug Administration approval in June 2015 for treatment of patients at high risk with severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) (Figure 1). The SAPIEN 3 valve has been associated with lower incidence of significant paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) in a multicenter registry recently.1Ferrari E. Berdajs D. Tozzi P. Pretre R. Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the SAPIEN valve and the first generations of Ascendra.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014; 45: 188-190Crossref PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 2Webb J. Gerosa G. Lefevre T. Leipsic J. Spence M. Thomas M. Thielmann M. Treede H. Wendler O. Walther T. Multicenter evaluation of a next-generation balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64: 2235-2243Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar The new features of this device, a new cobalt-chromium frame with large cell design containing the valve and an outer polyethylene terephthalate cuff enhance the sealing of the aortic annulus and the gaps between the prosthetic frame and the native valve caused by the presence of extensive, asymmetric bulky calcific deposits.3Binder R.K. Schafer U. Kuck K.H. Wood D.A. Moss R. Leipsic J. Toggweiler S. Freeman M. Ostry A.J. Frerker C. Willson A.B. Webb J.G. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a new self-expanding transcatheter heart valve and motorized delivery system.JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013; 6: 301-307Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar The effect of valve iterations and degree of aortic valve calcification (AVC) on the severity of PVR after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of iteration of these balloon-expandable valves (SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3) and degree of AVC on the PVR severity in patients with severe AS. From November 2007 till June 2015, all patients with symptomatic severe AS treated with balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic bioprostheses (SAPIEN, SAPIEN XT, and SAPIEN 3) at the Leiden University Medical Center were included. Patients receiving self-expandable valves, 29-mm balloon-expandable prosthesis or undergoing valve-in-valve procedures were excluded from this study. Patients deemed too high risk for surgical options with high logistic EuroSCORE and contraindications for surgery (porcelain aorta, frailty, severe chronic obstructive airway disease, and previous coronary artery bypass grafting) were referred for TAVI. Demographics, clinical, echocardiographic, multidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) data and procedure data were prospectively collected in our center database (EPD Vision, version 8.3.3.6; Leiden, the Netherlands) for retrospective analysis. All the TAVI candidates underwent detailed clinical and imaging workup. Either a 64-detector or 320-detector row computed tomography scanner (Aquilion 64 and Auilion ONE, respectively; Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan) was used to assess the aortic annular size, the dimension of all the segments of the aorta, the degree and location of the AVC, and the anatomy of the peripheral arteries. The MDCT data acquisition protocol for the Aquilion 64 and Aquilion ONE has been previously described.4Delgado V. Ng A.C. van de Veire N.R. van der Kley F. Schuijf J.D. Tops L.F. de Weger A. Tavilla G. de Roos A. Kroft L.J. Schalij M.J. Bax J.J. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function.Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 1114-1123Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar Patients with heart rate more than 65 beats/min received either an oral beta blocker (50 to 100 mg metoprolol), unless contraindicated. Scanning was performed during midinspiratory breath-holding. The arrival of bolus media was detected using a real-time tracking technique with a threshold of +180 Hounsfield units. All the MDCT data were recorded and stored for postprocessing. Aortic annulus dimensions (perimeter, maximum diameter, minimum diameters, and aortic valve area) were measured according to the standard protocol.5Leipsic J. Gurvitch R. Labounty T.M. Min J.K. Wood D. Johnson M. Ajlan A.M. Wijesinghe N. Webb J.G. Multidetector computed tomography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4: 416-429Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar For quantitative assessment of AVC, Agatston score of the aortic valve was assessed (including a volume from the aortic annulus until the level of the coronary ostia including left ventricular outflow tract [LVOT]).6Katsanos S. Ewe S.H. Debonnaire P. van der Kley F. de Weger A. Palmen M. Scholte A.J. Schalij M.J. Bax J.J. Marsan N.A. Delgado V. Multidetector row computed tomography parameters associated with paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.Am J Cardiol. 2013; 112: 1800-1806Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar The cover index was calculated as (prosthesis area−MDCT annulus area)/prosthesis area, as previously described.7Wong D.T. Bertaso A.G. Liew G.Y. Thomson V.S. Cunnington M.S. Richardson J.D. Gooley R. Lockwood S. Meredith I.T. Worthley M.I. Worthley S.G. Relationship of aortic annular eccentricity and paravalvular regurgitation post transcatheter aortic valve implantation with CoreValve.J Invasive Cardiol. 2013; 25: 190-195PubMed Google Scholar Comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography was performed before TAVI with a commercially available ultrasonographic system (Vingmed Vivid; General Electric Vingmed, Horten, Norway). Valve morphology, AS severity, and left ventricular (LV) function were measured according to the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging/American Society of Echocardiography standards.8Baumgartner H. Hung J. Bermejo J. Chambers J.B. Evangelista A. Griffin B.P. Iung B. Otto C.M. Pellikka P.A. Quinones M. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice.Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009; 10: 1-25Crossref PubMed Scopus (806) Google Scholar LV ejection fraction was calculated by the Simpson's biplane method. For quantification of aortic valve regurgitation, the jet deceleration slope (pressure halftime), jet width or jet area, vena contracta, and the diastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta were considered in an integrative approach.9Lancellotti P. Tribouilloy C. Hagendorff A. Popescu B.A. Edvardsen T. Pierard L.A. Badano L. Zamorano J.L. Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: an executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013; 14: 611-644Crossref PubMed Scopus (1085) Google Scholar TAVI was performed through transfemoral or transapical approach, based on the feasibility of the iliofemoral anatomy and suitable access sites. All procedures were performed in a fully equipped hybrid cardiac catheterization laboratory. Surgical cutdown or suture-mediated closure device (Perclose ProGlide; Abbott laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois) were used to close the vascular access site at the femoral arteries. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Transesophageal echocardiography was used to support TAVI procedures, and fluoroscopy was used to guide the deployment of the valves and prosthesis positioning. Both predilatation of the native valve and prosthetic valve implantation were performed during rapid right ventricular pacing (160 to 200 beats/min) as previously described.10Nijhoff F. Agostoni P. Samim M. Ramjankhan F.Z. Kluin J. Doevendans P.A. Stella P.R. Optimisation of transcatheter aortic balloon-expandable valve deployment: the two-step inflation technique.EuroIntervention. 2013; 9: 555-563Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar Prosthesis position, function, and coronary ostia patency were assessed with transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy. After implantation of the TAVI bioprosthesis, the presence and severity of aortic regurgitation (both transvalvular and paravalvular) was assessed with transesophageal echocardiography and classified according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC)-2 recommendations.11Pibarot P. Hahn R.T. Weissman N.J. Monaghan M.J. Assessment of paravalvular regurgitation following TAVR: a proposal of unifying grading scheme.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015; 8: 340-360Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (203) Google Scholar The severity of the PVR was classified as none, trace, mild, moderate, and severe. The circumferential extend of the PVR was assessed in the parasternal short-axis views with color Doppler.12Pibarot P. Dumesnil J.G. Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of prosthetic valve function.Heart. 2012; 98: 69-78Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar, 13Bloomfield G.S. Gillam L.D. Hahn R.T. Kapadia S. Leipsic J. Lerakis S. Tuzcu M. Douglas P.S. A practical guide to multimodality imaging of transcatheter aortic valve replacement.JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012; 5: 441-455Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar The localization and severity of the PVR was judged in the midesophageal and transgastric views. Moderate or higher grade of PVR was treated with further postdilatation or second valve implantation, with agreement among the Heart Team members present during the procedure. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD or as median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed. Categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage. For comparison of continuous variables, the Student t test, 1-way analysis of variance (with Bonferroni post hoc analysis), or the Mann–Whitney U test were used, as appropriate. For comparison of categorical variables, the chi-square test was used. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were reported. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 20 (IBM Corp, Armonk, New York). A p value <0.05 defined statistical significance. Baseline characteristics, echocardiographic features, and medication use of 272 patients (mean age 81 ± 7 years, 52% women) are presented in Table 1. The SAPIEN valve was implanted in 103 patients (38%), 105 patients (39%) received a SAPIEN XT, and 64 patients (24%) received a SAPIEN 3. The SAPIEN 3 group had a lower percentage of patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting, lower logistic EuroScore, more preserved LV ejection fraction, and lower number of patients using diuretics or statins than the other groups (Table 1).Table 1Baseline and echocardiographic characteristics before transcatheter aortic valve implantationVariableSapien(n=103)Sapien XT(n=105)Sapien 3(n=64)p-valueAge, (years)81 ± 7.581 ± 6.281 ± 5.10.756Male54 (52%)49 (47%)29 (45%)0.595Body surface area (m2)1.82 ± 0.181.82 ± 0.181.81 ± 0.200.867Sinus rhythm/atrial fibrillation/pacemaker71 (69%) / 19 (18%) / 13 (13%)78(74%) / 16 (15%) / 11 (11%)42 (66%) / 16 (25%) / 6 (9%)0.572Hypertension81 (79%)76 (72%)49 (77%)0.566Diabetes mellitus31 (30%)26 (25%)19 (30%)0.650Hypercholesterolemia81 (79%)77 (73%)43 (67%)0.258Previous myocardial infarction29 (28%)19 (18%)9 (14%)0.061Previous coronary bypass grafting45 (44%)23 (22%)23 (36%)0.018Preoperative creatinine (μmol/L)108 ± 6093 ± 34100 ± 540.116Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2)63 ± 2369 ± 2368 ± 250.138Haemoglobin, (mmol/L)7.6 ± 1.07.7 ± 1.18.0 ± 1.40.057Logistic EuroSCORE (%)24.8 ± 13.321.0 ± 13.615.5 ± 7.9<0.001Echocardiography Left ventricular ejection fraction, %52.2 ± 14.355.6 ± 14.858.4 ± 15.60.029 Aortic valve area, (cm2/m2)0.7 ± 0.20.7 ± 0.20.7 ± 0.20.994 Mean aortic gradient, (mmHg)39.5 ± 16.043.9 ± 18.741.8 ± 15.20.164 Maximal aortic gradient, (mmHg)64.1 ± 24.171.9 ± 28.667.4 ± 23.80.095Medications β-blockers65 (63%)69 (66%)42 (66%)0.911 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors / Angiotensin receptor blockers63 (61%)59 (56%)27 (42%)0.053 Diuretics75 (73%)65 (62%)34 (53%)0.031 Calcium channel blocker33 (32%)29 (28%)12 (19%)0.171 Statins78 (76%)60 (57%)35 (55%)0.005 Aspirin55 (53%)59 (56%)31 (48%)0.619 Oral anticoagulants38 (37%)29 (28%)19 (30%)0.331 Open table in a new tab The MDCT and procedural characteristics for each group are illustrated in Table 2. There were no differences in the aortic annulus area, percentage of cover index, and both mean and median Agatston calcium score of the aortic valve between the 3 groups. However, the transapical access was more frequently used in the SAPIEN and SAPIEN XT groups than in the SAPIEN 3 group. Furthermore, the 23-mm valve was more frequently used in the SAPIEN 3 group than their counterparts (Table 2).Table 2Procedural and imaging characteristics of the populationVariableSapien(n=103)Sapien XT(n=105)Sapien 3(n=64)p-valueTransapical62 (60%)71 (68%)15 (23%)<0.001Sapien Prosthesis size0.022 23 mm23 (22%)35 (33%)27 (42%) 26 mm80 (78%)70 (67%)37 (58%)Intraprocedural grade of paravalvular regurgitation ≥moderate14 (14%)10 (10%)00.010Aortic annulus area derived from MDCT, (mm2)443 ± 87444 ± 68427 ± 650.293Cover index, (%)11.97 ± 15.459.52 ± 11.2311.39 ± 8.480.344Agatston calcium score of the aortic valve Mean3061 ± 14683194±19813129±14490.850 Median2771 [1940-4070]2723 [1806-4089]2860 [2129-4124]0.859MDCT = multidetector row computed tomography. Open table in a new tab MDCT = multidetector row computed tomography. In terms of procedural results, a significant difference in PVR grade was noted across groups, with a significant reduction in the number of patients with ≥ moderate PVR (14% in the SAPIEN group, 10% in the SAPIEN XT, and 0% in the SAPIEN 3 group; p = 0.01; Table 2 and Figure 2). To investigate the impact of TAVI valve iteration on the risk of ≥ moderate post-TAVI PVR, a multivariate regression analysis was performed. After correcting for aortic annulus dimensions and cover index, AVC burden and TAVI bioprosthesis were independently associated with ≥ moderate PVR, whereas increasing amount of AVC was associated with higher risk of significant PVR, the iteration SAPIEN 3 was associated with lower risk suggesting that the new design features of this valve may counteract the effects of the AVC burden (Table 3).Table 3Univariate and multivariate associates of PVR after TAVIVariableUnivariateMultivariateOdds ratio(95% confidenceinterval)p-valueOdds ratio(95% confidenceinterval)p-valueAortic annulus area derived from MDCT, (mm2)1.006 (1.000-1.011)0.0450.997 (0.988-1.006)0.480Cover index, (%)0.016 (0.001-0.387)0.0110.012 (0.000-2.038)0.083Log transformed Agatston calcium score2.997 (1.318-6.817)0.0093.478 (1.424-8.498)0.006SAPIEN 3 valve0.381 (0.194-0.749)0.0050.306 (0.146-0.642)0.002MDCT = multidetector row computed tomography. Open table in a new tab MDCT = multidetector row computed tomography. The principal finding of this study is that the incidence of significant PVR decreased over time with the improvement of the bioprosthesis design. The SAPIEN 3 valve was independently associated with lower frequency of significant PVR independently of degree of AVC. The amount and location (symmetric vs asymmetric) of AVC are important correlates of PVR after TAVI.4Delgado V. Ng A.C. van de Veire N.R. van der Kley F. Schuijf J.D. Tops L.F. de Weger A. Tavilla G. de Roos A. Kroft L.J. Schalij M.J. Bax J.J. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function.Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 1114-1123Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar, 14Ewe S.H. Ng A.C. Schuijf J.D. van der Kley F. Colli A. Palmen M. de Weger A. Marsan N.A. Holman E.R. de Roos A. Schalij M.J. Bax J.J. Delgado V. Location and severity of aortic valve calcium and implications for aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.Am J Cardiol. 2011; 108: 1470-1477Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar It has been hypothesized that AVC plays a role in anchoring and achieving better positioning of balloon-expandable valves. However, excessive or asymmetric distribution of calcification may lead to significant PVR.15Khalique O.K. Hahn R.T. Gada H. Nazif T.M. Vahl T.P. George I. Kalesan B. Forster M. Williams M.B. Leon M.B. Einstein A.J. Pulerwitz T.C. Pearson G.D. Kodali S.K. Quantity and location of aortic valve complex calcification predicts severity and location of paravalvular regurgitation and frequency of post-dilation after balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement.JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 7: 885-894Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar The present study demonstrated that excessive calcification of the native aortic valve was independently associated with significant PVR after TAVI. This was also demonstrated by Seiffert et al16Seiffert M. Fujita B. Avanesov M. Lunau C. Schon G. Conradi L. Prashovikj E. Scholtz S. Borgermann J. Scholtz W. Schafer U. Lund G. Ensminger S. Treede H. Device landing zone calcification and its impact on residual regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation with different devices.Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016; 17: 576-584Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar in a recent study including 537 patients treated with different models of TAVI bioprostheses (SAPIEN XT, JenaValve, Symetis, CoreValve, and Engager). Larger AVC load, particularly at the level of the LVOT inferior to the annulus (coefficient 0.146, 95% CI 0.038 to 0.253, p = 0.008), and type of bioprosthesis (CoreValve; coefficient 0.368, 95% CI 0.233 to 0.503, p <0.001) were independently associated with PVR after TAVI. Interestingly, other types of bioprosthesis were associated with lower frequency of significant PVR after TAVI. However, increasing AVC load was associated with increased risk of PVR in all types of prosthesis if the LVOT calcification exceeded 10 mm3. It may be difficult to correct the incidence of PVR for the design characteristics of these different prostheses. The SAPIEN 3 improves the annular sealing by incorporating an external cuff that fills up irregularities in adjacent aortic annulus and LVOT boundaries.17Amat-Santos I.J. Dahou A. Webb J. Dvir D. Dumesnil J.G. Allende R. Ribeiro H.B. Urena M. Paradis J.M. DeLarochelliere R. Dumont E. Bergeron S. Thompson C.R. Pasian S. Bilodeau S. Leipsic J. Larose E. Pibarot P. Rodes-Cabau J. Comparison of hemodynamic performance of the balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 versus SAPIEN XT transcatheter valve.Am J Cardiol. 2014; 114: 1075-1082Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar The sealing abilities of the annular cuff can minimize oversizing and maintain valve patency without any negative impact on the residual gradient or valve area. In addition, these features may counterbalance the effect of AVC reducing the risk of PVR. Results from a few recent studies have shown promising results regarding the performance of this valve with much lower incidence of significant PVR. Jochheim et al18Jochheim D. Zadrozny M. Theiss H. Baquet M. Maimer-Rodrigues F. Bauer A. Lange P. Greif M. Kupatt C. Hausleiter J. Hagl C. Massberg S. Mehilli J. Aortic regurgitation with second versus third-generation balloon-expandable prostheses in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.EuroIntervention. 2015; 11: 214-220Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar showed that the frequency of >mild PVR at discharge with the SAPIEN 3 valve was lower than that of the SAPIEN XT valve (2.0% vs8.8%, p <0.001) and that use of the SAPIEN 3 valve was the only independent predictor of PVR. These results have been observed in other contemporary studies.19Wendt D. Al-Rashid F. Kahlert P. Eissmann M. El-Chilali K. Janosi R.A. Pasa S. Tsagakis K. Liakopoulos O. Erbel R. Jakob H. Thielmann M. Low incidence of paravalvular leakage with the balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 3 transcatheter heart valve.Ann Thorac Surg. 2015; 100: 819-926Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 20Binder R.K. Stortecky S. Heg D. Tueller D. Jeger R. Toggweiler S. Pedrazzini G. Amann F.W. Ferrari E. Noble S. Nietlispach F. Maisano F. Raber L. Roffi M. Grunenfelder J. Juni P. Huber C. Windecker S. Wenaweser P. Procedural results and clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Switzerland: an observational cohort study of SAPIEN 3 versus SAPIEN XT transcatheter heart valves.Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.002653)Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar However, the association between the grade of PVR and the degree of AVC across the several iterations of the same valve prosthesis has not been investigated so far. In the present study, we demonstrated that the grade of significant PVR is independently associated with the degree of AVC according to Agatston calcium scoring (log-transformed Agatston score, odds ratio 3.478, 95% CI 1.424 to 8.498, p = 0.006). However, despite having comparable amount of AVC burden, the frequency of >mild PVR across the 3 groups of SAPIEN valve decreased significantly. These results suggest that the design features of this device may counterbalance the effects of AVC on the valve expansion. The main limitation of our study is a single-center, nonrandomized study. This is a retrospective comparison of 3 different generations of balloon-expandable bioprosthetic valves. The effect of learning curve and changing practices in terms of reballooning of the prosthesis or valve-in-valve implantation was not taken into consideration. In addition, the results of the present study may not be generalizable to other types of transcatheter valves. A larger population is needed to confirm the clinical end points of severity of PVR after TAVI. In conclusion, the third generation of balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 demonstrated lower incidence of significant PVR than the preceding SAPIEN and SAPIEN XT. Relevant PVR after TAVI remains independently associated with degree of AVC. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose." @default.
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• W2406150007 title "Impact of Different Iterations of Devices and Degree of Aortic Valve Calcium on Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation" @default.
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