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• W2406396961 abstract "Motor Asymmetries Predict Neural Organization of Emotion Geoffrey Brookshire 1 , Cleve Graver 1 , and Daniel Casasanto 1,2 {broog731; gravc243; casasand}@newschool.edu 1 Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York Center for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, NL 2 Donders Abstract motor control for approach and avoidance actions. We call this the Sword and Shield Hypothesis (SSH; Brookshire & Casasanto, 2012). The SSH suggests that the lateralization of approach/avoidance motivation is functionally linked to the way we use our hands to perform approach and avoidance ac- tions, and offers a new principle to predict and explain the neural organization of emotion. The SSH predicts that differences in how people use their hands for approach and avoidance actions should correspond to differences in the neural organization of affective moti- vation. Left-handers tend to perform approach actions with their left hands and avoidance actions with their right hands (Coren, 1992; Harris, 2010). Accordingly, approach motiva- tion in left-handers should be lateralized to the right hemi- sphere, the reversal of the pattern found in right-handers. To test this prediction, Brookshire and Casasanto (2012) examined resting activation asymmetries in EEG as a func- tion of manual motor asymmetries and trait approach moti- vation. As in previous studies (Sutton & Davidson, 1997), higher approach motivation in right-handers correlated with greater leftward activation asymmetries. This pattern re- versed in left-handers, however. Consistent with the SSH, increased approach motivation in left-handers correlated with greater rightward activation asymmetries (Brookshire & Casasanto, 2012). According to decades of research in affective neuroscience, approach and avoidance motivation are supported by the left and right hemispheres, respectively. With the Sword and Shield Hypothesis (SSH), we challenge this conclusion, and propose a novel principle underlying the organization of emo- tion in the brain: the hemispheric lateralization of motivation depends on the neural locus of motor control for the domi- nant hand (used preferentially for approach actions) and the non-dominant hand (used preferentially for avoidance actions). The SSH predicts that the laterality of approach motivation should vary continuously with the laterality of circuits used for planning and executing approach-related actions. To test this prediction, we measured mood before and after 5 ses- sions of tDCS applied bilaterally to DLPFC in right- and left- handers. Results in right-handers show that positive emotions increased after left-excitatory stimulation, but decreased af- ter right-excitatory stimulation. In non-right-handers, how- ever, the opposite pattern was found: Positive emotions de- creased after left-excitatory stimulation, but increased after right-excitatory stimulation. These findings reveal continuous covariation between the neural systems for action and emotion, supporting the SSH. Keywords: Emotion; motivation; motor control; handedness; hemispheric specialization, tDCS. Introduction A cornerstone of cognitive-affective neuroscience is the ro- bust finding that the left hemisphere is specialized for ap- proach motivation and the right hemisphere for avoidance motivation (reviewed in Harmon-Jones, Gable, & Peterson, 2010). Although temporal and parietal areas have been impli- cated in affective motivation (Amodio, Master, Yee, & Tay- lor, 2008; Brookshire & Casasanto, 2012), studies suggest that this asymmetry centrally involves dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC): Approach motivation recruits left DLPFC, and avoidance motivation recruits right DLPFC (Berkman & Lieberman, 2010). Approach/avoidance asymmetries can also be observed in behavior. People tend to perform approach actions with the dominant hand, and avoidance actions with the non-dominant hand (Casasanto, 2009). The dominant hand, for example, is preferred when eating. In contrast, people reflexively protect their faces with the non-dominant hand when startled (Coren, 1992). Sword-fighters in centuries past approached their ene- mies with a sword held in the dominant hand, and avoided in- coming blows with a shield in the non-dominant hand (Harris, In right-handers, therefore, the left hemisphere is involved both in approach motivation and in coordinating actions with the hand preferred for approach actions. Casasanto (2009) proposed that this correspondence may result from a func- tional relationship between affective motivation and manual Causal role of frontal asymmetry Frontal asymmetries are widely believed to play a causal role in determining emotional experience (Harmon-Jones et al., 2010). Supporting this idea, patients with left hemisphere le- sions are prone to depression, whereas those with right hemi- sphere lesions are prone to mania and indifference to their injuries (Robinson, Boston, Starkstein, & Price, 1988). Simi- larly, deactivating the right hemisphere with sodium amobar- bital causes laughter and elation, whereas deactivating the left hemisphere causes crying and negative affect (Lee, Loring, Meader, & Brooks, 1990). These data underscore the neces- sity of the two hemispheres in emotion, but they are limited by low spatial resolution (constrained to the level of hemi- sphere), and by the extremity of processing disruptions used (completely deactivating a neural area). Would subtler, more spatially restricted manipulations of activation asymmetries influence emotional processing? Allen, Harmon-Jones, and Cavender (2001) used biofeed- back in EEG to train participants to induce rightward or left- ward frontal activation asymmetries. Participants trained to produce leftward asymmetries experienced greater positive, approach-oriented emotions than those with rightward train-" @default.
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• W2406396961 title "Motor Asymmetries Predict Neural Organization of Emotion." @default.
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