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• W2406467609 abstract "Predictability and syntactic production: Evidence from subject omission in Russian Ekaterina Kravtchenko (eskrav@gmail.com) Department of Linguistics; University of California, Santa Cruz; 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA Abstract ments that are less contextually predictable. The most robust evidence for this hypothesis, in online production 2 , currently exists at the phonetic and phonological levels; for example, involving effects of predictability on variation in syllable du- ration, or degree of articulatory detail (Aylett & Turk, 2004; Bell et al., 2003; Bell, Brenier, Gregory, Girand, & Jurafsky, 2009). Jaeger (2010) demonstrates that this holds for omis- sion of some functional elements, namely the optional com- plementizer that. This finding suggests that syntactic reduc- tion as well is sensitive to the reduced element’s predictability in context. However, omission of more complex constituents may present a different case. One may expect non-functional, or semantically contentful elements (i.e. those that contribute more to utterance meaning) to be less subject to omission due to functional pressures on production alone. Null sub- jects specifically are often argued to serve distinct syntactic or semantic functions (Carminati, 2002). There is likewise evidence that function (closed-class) and content (open-class) items may be subject to somewhat different pressures in pro- duction, with production of function words more sensitive to predictability from the preceding context (Bell et al., 2009). The question asked in this paper is whether pressure for ro- bust (low-error) and efficient communication may partially account for whether or not speakers choose to omit optional constituents in Russian. Clause subjects can be optionally elided in Russian, although this is primarily restricted to col- loquial speech and text (Zdorenko, 2009), where up to 32% of subjects are omitted. It is also restricted to contexts where the referent can be recovered in discourse (Franks, 1995). A representative example, where an embedded clause subject is omitted, is shown in (1): The quantitative study of the role of communicative efficiency in language production and comprehension has gained increas- ing attention recently. However, in online production most investigation has focused on the phonetic/phonological level, leaving open the question of whether the communicative pres- sures involved extend to the syntactic level. I present a cor- pus study which investigates the omission of optional clause subjects in Russian. If speakers communicate efficiently, then they are expected to preferentially omit elements that are more predictable, given preceding context. However, at the syntac- tic level this has only been directly demonstrated for omission of functional elements. The present study shows that even when other predictors of subject omission are taken into ac- count, contextual predictability remains a significant predictor of whether an optional subject, a relatively complex syntactic constituent, is pronounced. This supports the hypothesis that the drive towards efficient communication is a general princi- ple of language production. Keywords: Psycholinguistics; language production; informa- tion theory; subject omission; Russian. Introduction A long-standing question in the language sciences concerns whether language is optimized for efficient communication (Giv´on, 1979; Hawkins, 2004; Piantadosi, Tily, & Gibson, 2011; Zipf, 1949). In the past most claims along these lines have been limited to either qualitative typological studies or appeals to intuition (Jaeger & Tily, 2011). The recent rise of information-theoretic approaches (Aylett & Turk, 2004; Gen- zel & Charniak, 2002; Hale, 2001; Levy & Jaeger, 2007) has led more recently to more formal and quantitative notions of efficiency. Under this approach, it is proposed that optimal communication of a message involves keeping the contextual probability of upcoming elements maximally uniform – close to, but not exceeding an arbitrary ‘channel capacity’ 1 . This refers to a limit on rate of information transfer beyond which the likelihood of error becomes unacceptable (Jaeger, 2010; Levy & Jaeger, 2007). Under this framework, elements that are more contextu- ally predictable carry less information (i.e. are redundant), with information defined in terms of probabilities: I(Word) = -log 2 P(Word|Context). This approach predicts that, subject to constraints of a speaker’s grammar, the intended meaning, and other pressures on language production, speakers will be more likely to omit those elements that are redundant. Speak- ers will conversely be more likely to pronounce those ele- (1) Maˇsa pozvonila Pete, potomu c ˇ to ona/ zabolela she/ fell-ill. FEM Masha called. FEM Petia, because “Masha i called Peter j , because [she i ] was sick.” Main clause subjects are also frequently omitted in casual speech, given appropriate context, although isolated sen- tences may be infelicitous, unless the subject referent is con- textually salient. The use of null subjects in Russian ap- pears to reflect constraints found in other languages on use of null, or reduced, referential expressions (Franks, 1995; 2 A number of studies have demonstrated that more stable or con- ventionalized linguistic forms can reflect similar pressures (e.g., Pi- antadosi et al., 2011); it is not however clear that these findings can be straightforwardly generalized to online production, as they may result from distinct learning or acquisition biases. 1 The term ‘channel capacity’ is imported from information the- ory, but the channel in question may be conceived of as referring to the communication channel between two interlocutors (Jaeger," @default.
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• W2406467609 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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• W2406467609 title "Predictability and syntactic production: Evidence from subject omission in Russian" @default.
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