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• W2412825073 abstract "The source of the scattering effect is not, at present, susceptible of direct proof, but if an organism could be found whose characteristics agreed with those of the layer on a sufficient number of points, then there would be a high probability that this is the actual source of the effect. From the diurnal migration of the layer there seems no room for doubt that it is caused by an animal. Of the animal population of the sea, three groups seem considerably more probable than any others, namely, fish, squid, and crustacea. There are certain arguments which make the latter the most likely, and if experimental tests now in progress show that the crustacea meet the acoustical requirements, then there will be little reason to consider either fish or squid.Of the crustacea, the small copepods may prove to be the source of shallow reverberation and possibly some very shallow layers. Euphausid shrimps are the dominant crustacean at the depth of the main scattering layer. These and large red prawns are the dominant crustacea at the depth of a still deeper layer which is briefly referred to. Euphausids occupy the same day level as the main layer, and execute a similar diurnal migration. The dominant species of euphausid varies geographically, and each species has a characteristic day level. Where it has been possible to make a comparison, there is reasonably good agreement between the geographical trend of the daytime depth of the layer and dominance of deep- or shallow-living euphausids. The euphausid population is generally a complex of a number of species. The recording instrument used does not give sufficient definition to show a number of separate layers under such conditions. Certain areas were examined where there was a simpler euphausid population with only two abundant species, and these had different characteristic levels. The bathygrams from this area showed two distinct layers on a number of occasions. The scattering layer is usually confined to deep water, and disappears or is replaced by one with different characteristics in shallow water. This parallels the distribution of oceanic euphausids, but would probably apply equally well to other oceanic animals. The same is true of the correlation found in the Mediterranean between the decrease eastwards of the scattering effect and the similar decrease of the total plankton, including euphausids. The relation found between the level of the scattering layer and illumination, and the modification of this by temperature, is that which would be predicted for euphausids, but also for other planktonic animals. In one type of scattering layer, a reversed type of diurnal migration has been recorded, the layer descending in the evening and ascending in the morning. It is believed that certain euphausids behave in this way. Such reversal is rare in zooplankton and we do not, at present, know of any other organism which makes as extensive a reversed migration as this particular layer. The characteristics required in an organism which could be the source of the scattering effect are met, in all cases in which they have been tested, by euphausids. They are met in only some cases by other planktonic forms. There seems, therefore, to be a considerable probability that it is euphausids which cause the effect.In the section on the biology of euphausids, a summary of relevant information for the North Atlantic area is made. On the basis of analyses of the bathygrams, a theory is proposed to explain the limiting action of temperature and illumination as environmental factors. It was found that, subject to the limitations of data at present available, the geographical distributions of various euphausid species, as predicted from hydrographic observations, agreed fairly well with that observed in net hauls. Most previous work on zooplankton has been confined to the shallower-living forms, so attention is drawn to the considerable differences in environmental conditions to which such deeper-living forms as euphausids are subject.Actual measurements of illumination at these depths have yet to be made. The attempt to compute the illumination and its changes under different conditions is discussed in the Appendix." @default.
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• W2412825073 date "1950-10-01" @default.
• W2412825073 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2412825073 title "THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SCATTERING LAYER AND THE EUPHAUSIACEA" @default.
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• W2412825073 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/1538738" @default.
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