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- W2415182214 abstract "Alcohol has been recognized as a teratogen for over 150 years. I In 1968, a constellation of birth defects which would become known as the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) was described in France,2 and confirmed shortly thereafter in the United States.3 An explosion of case reports ensued, and a number of clinical and animal investigations were initiated.4 A general consensus from these studies is that in utero alcohol exposure produces a continuum of alcohol-related birth defects, also known as fetal alcohol effects (FAE), and that FAS represents the severe end of that spectrum. To date, only limited human studies have been conducted on the immune status of children with FAS,S-7 and none have been done on alcohol-exposed children without the full-blown syndrome. The present study is aimed at filling these gaps in knowledge. In 1981, Johnson and colleagues published a report on the immune status of 13 children and infants with FAS that has stood as the most frequently cited human study in the field ever since.s Children with FAS appeared to have an increased incidence of: frequent upper respiratory tract infections, recurrent otitis media, pneumonia, persistent diaper rash, meningitis, and gastroenteritis. Immune dysfunction was also noted in peripheral blood and consisted of decreases in both T cell and B cell numbers, elevated eosinophils, and reduced responses of lymphocytes to mitogens. However, cell-mediated immunity in vivo, as assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to tetanus toxoid and Candida albicans, was unchanged.s A criticism of this study lies in its clinical nature and thus, dependence on referrals, which unavoidably biases the subject pool. Nonetheless, numerous rodent studies have confirmed the immunoteratogenic potential of alcohol. Reports include abnormalities in thymic development, suppression of contact hypersensitivity," @default.
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- W2415182214 date "1998-01-01" @default.
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- W2415182214 title "A Pilot Study in Human Adolescents" @default.
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