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• W2418765588 abstract "Table of ContentsI. Introduction 166II. Finding the Blind Spot in Hindsight 168A. Unpredictable Evidentiary Interactions 169B. Bias v. Blindness 171C. The Error-Correction Imperative 173III. Weighing Exculpatory Evidence 177A. Hindsight About Foresight 178B. The Example of Impeachment 181C. The Problem with Materiality 183IV. Considering the Adequacy of Counsel 187A. The Structure of Strickland 188B. Obstacles to Enforcement 192V. Determining the Significance of Error 197A. Quantitative Assessments of Impact 197B. Photoshopped Trials 199VI. Limiting the Role of Hindsight 204A. Verdicts Untainted by Error 205B. Standards for Systemic Failures 212VII. Conclusion 214I. IntroductionConstitutional requirements and standards of review that turn on hindsight warrant reconsideration in light of both recent social science on decision-making and empirical advances about error in the criminal justice process. For example, hindsight pervades the operation of the Brady rule governing prosecutors' due process obligation to disclose exculpatory evidence,1 the Strickland standard for assessing the adequacy of defense counsel under the Sixth Amendment,2 and the question whether certain constitutional and evidentiary errors at trial require reversal.3 While these standards have long critiqued,4 recent scholarship on reliability that DNA-based exonerations made possible substantially reinforces the claim.5 Wrongful convictions occur, in significant numbers, and the adversarial orientation of police and prosecutors frequently precludes self-correction.6 Other avenues for ensuring accuracy thus merit closer scrutiny, including the interstices where courts review claims of error and consider reversing convictions. As cognizance of wrongful convictions has grown, interest has increased in the mechanisms of error correction and the safety valve that appellate courts could provide.7The manner in which courts evaluate the reliability of adjudication has also illuminated by social science on the unfolding of facts, the structure of decision-making, and the inevitability of biases.8 In light of those developments, requiring assessments of what might have been appears to leave a barrier between reviewing courts and the root causes of error. Underenforcement of discovery obligations, the right to counsel, and exclusionary rules diminishes accuracy. And that underenforcement occurs in part because hindsight standards both preclude relief in individual cases9 and impede reform.10 Each of these standards has revealed as having inconsistent application and insufficient rigor,11 and each suffers from a similar disability. New vocabulary to discuss the weight of error could help strike the balance between meaningful review and an administrable reversal rate.II. Finding the Blind Spot in HindsightEven as the incarceration rate attracts bipartisan attention,12 and scrutiny of investigative practices has given rise to conviction integrity units in prosecutors' offices,13 the role of judges considering trial errors continues to contract because of habeas barriers and hindsight standards. …" @default.
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• W2418765588 date "2016-01-01" @default.
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• W2418765588 title "Criminal Adjudication, Error Correction, and Hindsight Blind Spots" @default.
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