FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2419265241> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2419265241 abstract "Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) modulates intracellular activation via the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) (1). RNAi suppresses gene expression through degradation of a specific, targeted mRNA, which leads to gene silencing. siRNA is a 21-23 nucleotide (nt) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with symmetric 2-3nt 3’ overhangs and 5’-phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl groups so that it is recognized by an RNAse III enzyme (2). In general, intracellular siRNA undergoes 5’-phosphorylation to unwind the RNA duplex, followed by association with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) (1). Then the activated RISC and the unwound anti-sense strand of the siRNA interact with the mRNA target to generate single site-specific cleavage at the mRNA target. The efficiency of gene silencing primarily relies on the optimal incorporation of siRNA into RISC and its stability in RISC, as well as a perfect complementary base pairing with the mRNA target (3). Mismatches can abolish the target degradation, the mRNA cleavage, and the RISC turnover. The high specificity in gene silencing makes siRNA a popular research tool for various gene-inactivation studies such as differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis (3). siRNA is also used in therapeutic applications to identify drug targets and to characterize gene functions in vivo without the use of gene knockout mice (4). Formulation of siRNAs with compounds to promote transit across cell membranes is being developed to address the major challenge of cellular delivery of siRNAs (5). Several imaging modalities have been used for localized in vivo delivery of siRNA (6, 7).Green fluorescence protein (GFP) is a reporter protein of 238 amino acids, and it emits a bright green fluorescence (λmax = 509 nm) when illuminated with a blue light (λmax = 395 nm) (8). Red fluorescent protein (RFP; excitation = 558 nm, emission = 583 nm) is another reporter protein of 28 kDa that shares ~25% sequence identity with GFP (9). GFP has a cylinder-like structure composed of eleven β-sheets slightly twisted around the central axis and a tripeptide (serine65-tyrosine66-glycine67) fluorophore attaching to the α-helix in the cylinder center (9, 10). As a tag or indicator, GFP is widely used to detect gene expression, protein trafficking, and cellular localization (11). Its fluorescence directly reflects the levels of gene expression or locations in subcellular compartments. Because GFP has no inherent localization of its own, fusion of GFP with functional proteins will typically result in the subcellular distribution pattern of the target protein (9). Thus, the fusion of GFP with host proteins is used to separate subcellular compartments in various cell organelles, including plasma membrane nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretary vesicles, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and phagosomes (12). The GFP/RFP reporter gene can be incorporated into recombinant plasmids, where it is directly linked to the transcriptional regulatory elements (11). Transfection of such recombinant plasmids into cells of interest allows for evaluation of promoter and enhancer activity. In combination with the RNAi technique, a GFP-specified siRNA (siGFP) can be used to generate animal models that are directly detectable with an optical microscope without the need for additional histological staining (13). For instance, 9L gliosarcoma cells can be transfected with the pcDNA3 (phGFP-S65T)-GFP/RFP plasmid to generate 9L-GFP/RFP glioma cells (13).GFP-specified siRNA-crosslinked iron oxide nanoparticles (CLIO)-Cy5.5 (siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5) is a magnetofluorescent nanoparticle used for multimodal imaging of the delivery and silencing of siGFP in tumors (6). This agent consists of four components: five siGFPs (22nt) to target GFP mRNA, three fluorescence probes (Cy5.5) for optical imaging, four myristoylated polyarginine peptides (MPAP) for mediating transportation to the cytoplasm, and an iron oxide nanoparticle core for enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast and delivering siGFP to tumors. The siGFP is linked to magnetic nanoparticles by a stable thioether bond without compromising silencing efficiency. Cy5.5 is a cyanine dye consisting of two quaternized heteroaromatic bases (A and A’) joined by a polymethine chain with five carbons (14), which binds directly to the nanoparticles. This dye possesses high quantum yield, good chemical stability, easy conjugation, and high sensitivity (mole extinction coefficient, ~250,000 mol/cm) (15, 16). As a membrane translocation module, MPAP has a hydrophobic 14-carbon moiety of myristic acid (Myr, -C(=O)-(CH2)12-CH3) linked to a polyarginine peptide to generate Myr-Ala-(Arg)7-Cys-CONH2 (17). MPAP can cross the cellular membrane of live cells efficiently and target the cytoplasm without registered toxicity (17). The nanoparticle contains an icosahedral core of superparamagnetic crystalline Fe3O4 (magnetite) that is caged by epichlorohydrin cross-linked dextran and functionalized with amine groups (CLIO-NH2) (18). They have a high magnetic susceptibility to induce a significant magnetization inside a magnetic field. This creates microscopic field gradients that diphase nearby protons and causes a shortening of T2 relaxation times (19). Enhanced permeability and retention effects in tumors and an increased fluid-phase endocytosis in tumor cells results in the accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles in the tumors (6). With the assistance of MPAP, sufficient siGFP can be delivered to the tumors. siGFP-CLIO-Cy5.5 allows for fine resolution (10–100 μm) and unlimited depth penetration of MRI with the high sensitivity (10-9–10-17 mol/L) and the short acquisition times of optical imaging (6)." @default.
• W2419265241 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2419265241 creator A5027899074 @default.
• W2419265241 date "2008-05-12" @default.
• W2419265241 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2419265241 title "Green fluorescent protein specified small interfering RNA-cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticles-Cy5.5" @default.
• W2419265241 cites W1545153134 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W1980196150 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2015193035 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2017215148 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2019430054 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2032579724 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2036734816 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2041232262 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2069683015 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2069956399 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2075245715 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2076212755 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2076632683 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2086740663 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2093674705 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2099371511 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2101785963 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2130083086 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2130501958 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2138436760 @default.
• W2419265241 cites W2171757104 @default.
• W2419265241 hasPublicationYear "2008" @default.
• W2419265241 type Work @default.
• W2419265241 sameAs 2419265241 @default.
• W2419265241 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W2419265241 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2419265241 hasAuthorship W2419265241A5027899074 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C104317684 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C119056186 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C150194340 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C153911025 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C155330019 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C166703698 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C185592680 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C201853390 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C2191507 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C22615655 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C55493867 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C60723119 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C67705224 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConcept C95444343 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C104317684 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C119056186 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C150194340 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C153911025 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C155330019 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C166703698 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C185592680 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C201853390 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C2191507 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C22615655 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C55493867 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C60723119 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C67705224 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C86803240 @default.
• W2419265241 hasConceptScore W2419265241C95444343 @default.
• W2419265241 hasLocation W24192652411 @default.
• W2419265241 hasOpenAccess W2419265241 @default.
• W2419265241 hasPrimaryLocation W24192652411 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W1486919975 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W1987193293 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W1987871540 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2005398211 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2015269532 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2016062830 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2033766131 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2064093490 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2108572812 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2132105028 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2139553855 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2354601374 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2564346153 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2604856636 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2767512250 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2908950420 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W2994175227 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W3111416154 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W3155328240 @default.
• W2419265241 hasRelatedWork W3189622163 @default.
• W2419265241 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2419265241 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2419265241 magId "2419265241" @default.
• W2419265241 workType "article" @default.